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In particular, effectors of the SidE family interfere with host protein ubiquitination in a process that involves production of phosphoribosyl ubiquitin (PR-Ub). Here, we show that effector LnaB converts PR-Ub into ADP-ribosylated ubiquitin, which is further processed to ADP-ribose and functional ubiquitin by the (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolase MavL, thus maintaining ubiquitin homeostasis in infected cells. Upon being activated by actin, LnaB also undergoes self-AMPylation on tyrosine residues. The activity of LnaB requires a motif consisting of Ser, His and Glu (SHxxxE) present in a large family of toxins from diverse bacterial pathogens. Thus, our study sheds light on the mechanisms by which a pathogen maintains ubiquitin homeostasis and identifies a family of enzymes capable of protein AMPylation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50311-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T15:03:07Z","timestamp":1721055787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Legionella maintains host cell ubiquitin homeostasis by effectors with unique catalytic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Bo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao-Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3683-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtian","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Ru","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoujing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chittaranjan","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4115-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songying","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8890-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao-Qing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"50311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0623-2","volume":"5","author":"N Lopes Fischer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopes Fischer, N., Naseer, N., Shin, S. & Brodsky, I. 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