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Previous investigations at Mata Menge, Flores Island, Indonesia, suggested that the early Middle Pleistocene ancestors of <jats:italic>H. floresiensis<\/jats:italic> had even smaller jaws and teeth. Here, we report additional hominin fossils from the same deposits at Mata Menge. An adult humerus is estimated to be 9\u2009\u2212\u200916% shorter and thinner than the type specimen of <jats:italic>H. floresiensis<\/jats:italic> dated to ~60,000 years ago, and is smaller than any other Plio-Pleistocene adult hominin humeri hitherto reported. The newly recovered teeth are both exceptionally small; one of them bears closer morphological similarities to early Javanese <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>. The <jats:italic>H. floresiensis<\/jats:italic> lineage most likely evolved from early Asian <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic> and was a long-lasting lineage on Flores with markedly diminutive body size since at least ~700,000 years ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50649-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T16:14:55Z","timestamp":1722960895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuke","family":"Kaifu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7816-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwan","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmei","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruly","family":"Setiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indra","family":"Sutisna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unggul P.","family":"Wibowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gen","family":"Suwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiko T.","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Brumm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit D.","family":"van den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"50649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02999","volume":"431","author":"P Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown, P. et al. 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