{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:27:15Z","timestamp":1794256035939,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008666","name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201808-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51547-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T15:02:22Z","timestamp":1723906942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Multiplex real-time PCR in non-invasive respiratory samples to reduce antibiotic use in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Abelenda-Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Calatayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0227-5916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rombauts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Meije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Oriol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nieves","family":"Sopena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Padull\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Niub\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Llaberia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Gudiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Satorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Teb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Ardanuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Carratal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"51547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators.","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204\u20131222 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"51547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","volume":"200","author":"JP Metlay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Metlay, J. P. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 200, e45\u2013e67 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"51547_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00096","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00096-2018","volume":"4","author":"M Carugati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carugati, M. et al. Microbiological testing of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: an international study. ERJ Open Res. 4, 00096\u201302018 (2018).","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"51547_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-3640","volume":"171","author":"VM Vaughn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughn, V. M. et al. Excess antibiotic treatment duration and adverse events in patients hospitalized with pneumonia: a multihospital cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 171, 153\u2013163 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"51547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.008","volume":"73","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chalmers, J. D., Akram, A. R., Singanayagam, A., Wilcox, M. H. & Hill, A. T. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J. Infect. 73, 45\u201353 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"51547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399, 629\u2013655 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"51547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2253806","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.53806","volume":"6","author":"K Zay Ya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zay Ya, K., Win, P. T. N., Bielicki, J., Lambiris, M. & Fink, G. Association between antimicrobial stewardship programs and antibiotic use globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2253806 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"51547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1274232","volume":"15","author":"D Viasus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viasus, D., Vecino-Moreno, M., De La Hoz, J. M. & Carratal\u00e0, J. Antibiotic stewardship in community-acquired pneumonia. Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 15, 351\u2013359 (2017).","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"51547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.11.021","volume":"80","author":"S Poole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poole, S. & Clark, T. W. Rapid syndromic molecular testing in pneumonia: the current landscape and future potential. J. Infect. 80, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"51547_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.025","volume":"28","author":"E Gentilotti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gentilotti, E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests in acute community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28, 13\u201322 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"51547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1214","volume":"62","author":"NJ Gadsby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gadsby, N. J. et al. Comprehensive molecular testing for respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62, 817\u2013823 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51547_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004314","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004314","volume":"20","author":"MB Cartuliares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cartuliares, M. B. et al. Evaluation of point-of-care multiplex polymerase chain reaction in guiding antibiotic treatment of patients acutely admitted with suspected community-acquired pneumonia in Denmark: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 20, e1004314 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"51547_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240830","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0830","volume":"7","author":"DL Markussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Markussen, D. L. et al. Diagnostic stewardship in community-acquired pneumonia with syndromic molecular testing: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e240830 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"51547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.121434","volume":"64","author":"WS Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim, W. S. et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 64, iii1\u2013iii55 (2009).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"51547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x","volume":"17","author":"M Woodhead","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodhead, M. et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections\u2014full version. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17, E1\u2013E59 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"51547_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw118","volume":"62","author":"TF Barlam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barlam, T. F. et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62, e51\u2013e77 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51547_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03741-7","volume":"12","author":"S Serigstad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serigstad, S. et al. Rapid syndromic PCR testing in patients with respiratory tract infections reduces time to results and improves microbial yield. Sci. Rep. 12, 326 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"51547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1690","volume":"172","author":"J Carratal\u00e0","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carratal\u00e0, J. et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled-trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 922\u2013928 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"51547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.118588","volume":"65","author":"M Falguera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Falguera, M. et al. Prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 65, 101\u2013106 (2010).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"51547_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00086-8","volume":"10","author":"AM Darie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darie, A. M. et al. Fast multiplex bacterial PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage for antibiotic stewardship in hospitalised patients with pneumonia at risk of Gram-negative bacterial infection (Flagship II): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 10, 877\u2013887 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"51547_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.036","volume":"86","author":"NJ Gadsby","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gadsby, N. J. et al. Discordance between semi-quantitative nucleic acid detection of bacteria and quantitative bacteriology in sputum from patients with pneumonia. J. Infect. 86, 607\u2013609 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"51547_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00255-3","volume":"22","author":"VA Schweitzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schweitzer, V. A. et al. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in Dutch adults (CAP-PACT): a cross-sectional, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, antimicrobial stewardship intervention trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 274\u2013283 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51547_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0037922","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00379-22","volume":"10","author":"Y Demars","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demars, Y. et al. Utility of polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs for identifying respiratory bacteria causing community-acquired pneumonia. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e0037922 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"51547_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0050523","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00505-23","volume":"61","author":"S Serigstad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serigstad, S. et al. Diagnostic utility of oropharyngeal swabs as an alternative to lower respiratory tract samples for PCR-based syndromic testing in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 61, e0050523 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"51547_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055575","volume":"11","author":"KF Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan, K. F., Ma, T. F., Ip, M. S. & Ho, P. L. Invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding 5 years: a retrospective observational study. BMJ Open 11, e055575 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"51547_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac043","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac043","volume":"9","author":"LA Mandell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandell, L. A. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Canada during coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, ofac043 (2022).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51547_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1728","volume":"72","author":"Z Amin-Chowdhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amin-Chowdhury, Z. et al. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on invasive pneumococcal disease and risk of pneumococcal coinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): prospective national cohort study, England. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72, e65\u2013e75 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51547_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e038957","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038957","volume":"10","author":"G Abelenda-Alonso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abelenda-Alonso, G. et al. Impact of comprehensive molecular testing to reduce antibiotic use in community-acquired pneumonia (RADICAP): a randomised, controlled, phase IV clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open 10, e038957 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"51547_CR29","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2023)."},{"key":"51547_CR30","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Henry, L., M\u00fcller, K. & Vaughan, D. dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. R package version 1.1 (2023)."},{"key":"51547_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmezim, J. et al. REDCapDM: REDCap data management. R package version 0.8 (2023).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.REDCapDM"},{"key":"51547_CR32","unstructured":"Wassmer, G. & Pahlke, F. rpact: confirmatory adaptive clinical trial design and analysis. R package version 3.4.0 (2023)."},{"key":"51547_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i12","volume":"57","author":"I Subirana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subirana, I., Sanz, H. & Vila, J. Building bivariate tables: the compare Groups package for R. J. Stat. Softw. 57, 1\u201316 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51547-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51547-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51547-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T15:02:44Z","timestamp":1723906964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51547-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51547-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4186714\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7098"}}