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Studies of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, which are one of the dominant T cells in the early fetal human thymus, are rare. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the \u03b3\u03b4 T cell compartment via flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing in children and infants with CHD, who underwent cardiac surgery shortly after birth. A perturbation of the \u03b3\u03b4 T cell repertoire is evident, and V\u03b41 T cell numbers are reduced. However, those cells that are present, do retain cytotoxicity. In contrast, GZMA+CD28+CD161hi innate effector V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells are found in higher proportions. TCR-seq identifies an increase in\n                    <jats:italic>TRDJ3<\/jats:italic>\n                    + \u03b3\u03b4 T cell clones in children with CHD, but not in a confirmatory group of neonates prior to CHD surgery, which overall points to a persistence of fetal-derived effector \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in children with CHD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51673-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T18:29:38Z","timestamp":1731522578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early-life thymectomy leads to an increase of granzyme-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in children with congenital heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alexa","family":"Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Riemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8821-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kammeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf E.","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gluschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svea","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Le\u00f3n-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Horke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"von Kaisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhold","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Beerbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Boehne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3265-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarina","family":"Ravens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"51673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","volume":"58","author":"D van der Linde","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Linde, D. et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58, 2241\u20132247 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"51673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958405","volume":"123","author":"H Dolk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dolk, H., Loane, M. & Garne, E. Congenital heart defects in Europe. Circulation 123, 841\u2013849 (2011).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"51673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30402-X","volume":"4","author":"MS Zimmerman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimmerman, M. S. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, 185\u2013200 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"51673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandalenakis, Z. et al. 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