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However, several cyanobacteria have diverse Kai protein homologs of unclear function. In particular, <jats:italic>Synechocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. PCC 6803 harbours, in addition to a canonical <jats:italic>kaiABC<\/jats:italic> gene cluster (named <jats:italic>kaiAB1C1<\/jats:italic>), two further <jats:italic>kaiB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>kaiC<\/jats:italic> homologs (<jats:italic>kaiB2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>kaiB3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>kaiC2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>kaiC3<\/jats:italic>). Here, we identify a chimeric KaiA homolog, named KaiA3, encoded by a gene located upstream of <jats:italic>kaiB3<\/jats:italic>. At the N-terminus, KaiA3 is similar to response-regulator receiver domains, whereas its C-terminal domain resembles that of KaiA. Homology analysis shows that a KaiA3-KaiB3-KaiC3 system exists in several cyanobacteria and other bacteria. Using the <jats:italic>Synechocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. PCC 6803 homologs, we observe circadian oscillations in KaiC3 phosphorylation in vitro in the presence of KaiA3 and KaiB3. Mutations of <jats:italic>kaiA3<\/jats:italic> affect KaiC3 phosphorylation, leading to growth defects under both mixotrophic and chemoheterotrophic conditions. KaiC1 and KaiC3 exhibit phase-locked free-running phosphorylation rhythms. Deletion of either system (\u2206<jats:italic>kaiAB1C1<\/jats:italic> or \u2206<jats:italic>kaiA3B3C3<\/jats:italic>) alters the period of the cellular backscattering rhythm. Furthermore, both oscillators are required to maintain high-amplitude, self-sustained backscatter oscillations with a period of approximately 24\u2009h, indicating their interconnected nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51914-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T14:03:16Z","timestamp":1725372196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Two KaiABC systems control circadian oscillations in one cyanobacterium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"K\u00f6bler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6981-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas M.","family":"Schmelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9674-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anika","family":"Wiegard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal K.","family":"Pattanayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Sp\u00e4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina M.","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim N.","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian P.","family":"Stirba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz C.","family":"Berwanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Kolkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Ma\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7207-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilka M.","family":"Axmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0935-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annegret","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"51914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108451","volume":"308","author":"M Nakajima","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakajima, M. et al. 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