{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T17:07:23Z","timestamp":1794503243549,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01-GM103894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01-GM103894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01-GM103894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01-GM103894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53299-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T05:02:47Z","timestamp":1729746167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Measuring the dynamic balance of integration and segregation underlying consciousness, anesthesia, and sleep in humans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3881-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Mashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2241-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Hudetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zirui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"53299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3963","volume":"16","author":"G Deco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deco, G., Tononi, G., Boly, M. & Kringelbach, M. L. Rethinking segregation and integration: contributions of whole-brain modelling. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 430\u2013439 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00053-8","volume":"13","author":"O Sporns","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sporns, O., Tononi, G. & Edelman, G. M. Connectivity and complexity: the relationship between neuroanatomy and brain dynamics. Neural Netw. 13, 909\u2013922 (2000).","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"53299_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratton, P. & Wiles, J. Global segregation of cortical activity and metastable dynamics. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 9, 119 (2015).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00119"},{"key":"53299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149213","volume":"322","author":"MT Alkire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alkire, M. T., Hudetz, A. G. & Tononi, G. Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 322, 876\u2013880 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"53299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.11.015","volume":"23","author":"O Sporns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sporns, O. Network attributes for segregation and integration in the human brain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 162\u2013171 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"53299_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.5033","volume":"91","author":"G Tononi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tononi, G., Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 5033\u20135037 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117653","volume":"227","author":"AI Luppi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luppi, A. I. et al. LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain. NeuroImage 227, 117653 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-42","volume":"5","author":"G Tononi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tononi, G. An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci. 5, 42 (2004).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3390\/e21121198","volume":"21","author":"M Aguilera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aguilera, M. Scaling behaviour and critical phase transitions in integrated information theory. Entropy 21, 1198 (2019).","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"53299_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001052","volume":"7","author":"AB Barrett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barrett, A. B. & Seth, A. K. Practical measures of integrated information for time-series data. PLoS Comput. Biol. 7, e1001052 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004286","volume":"11","author":"MA Cerullo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cerullo, M. A. The problem with phi: a critique of integrated information theory. PLOS Comput. Biol. 11, e1004286 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006343","volume":"14","author":"WGP Mayner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mayner, W. G. P. et al. PyPhi: A toolbox for integrated information theory. PLOS Comput. Biol. 14, e1006343 (2018).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05063-y","volume":"6","author":"IE Nemirovsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nemirovsky, I. E. et al. An implementation of integrated information theory in resting-state fMRI. Commun. Biol. 6, 1\u201314 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2016.14","volume":"2","author":"JA Hadley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadley, J. A. et al. Change in brain network topology as a function of treatment response in schizophrenia: a longitudinal resting-state fMRI study using graph theory. Npj Schizophr. 2, 1\u20137 (2016).","journal-title":"Npj Schizophr."},{"key":"53299_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01299-3","volume":"26","author":"M Shinn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shinn, M. et al. Functional brain networks reflect spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 867\u2013878 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.051","volume":"27","author":"GL Baum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baum, G. L. et al. Modular segregation of structural brain networks supports the development of executive function in youth. Curr. Biol. 27, 1561\u20131572.e8 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12083","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2965-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"JR Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen, J. R. & D\u2019Esposito, M. The segregation and integration of distinct brain networks and their relationship to cognition. J. Neurosci. 36, 12083\u201312094 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y., Park, D. C., Savalia, N. K., Petersen, S. E. & Wig, G. S. Decreased segregation of brain systems across the healthy adult lifespan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, E4997-E5006 (2014).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415122111"},{"key":"53299_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Capouskova, K., Zamora\u2010L\u00f3pez, G., Kringelbach, M. L. & Deco, G. Integration and segregation manifolds in the brain ensure cognitive flexibility during tasks and rest. Hum. Brain Mapp. hbm.26511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26511 (2023) .","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26511"},{"key":"53299_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2017.5","volume":"5","author":"ZP Neal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neal, Z. P. How small is it? Comparing indices of small worldliness. Netw. Sci. 5, 30\u201344 (2017).","journal-title":"Netw. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0038","volume":"1","author":"QK Telesford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Telesford, Q. K., Joyce, K. E., Hayasaka, S., Burdette, J. H. & Laurienti, P. J. The ubiquity of small-world networks. Brain Connect. 1, 367\u2013375 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"53299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406293182","volume":"12","author":"DS Bassett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bassett, D. S. & Bullmore, E. Small-world brain networks. Neuroscientist 12, 512\u2013523 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"53299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416667720","volume":"23","author":"DS Bassett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bassett, D. S. & Bullmore, E. T. Small-world brain networks revisited. Neuroscientist 23, 499\u2013516 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"53299_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht004","volume":"24","author":"T Uehara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uehara, T. et al. Efficiency of a \u2018Small-World\u2019 brain network depends on consciousness level: a resting-state fMRI study. Cereb. Cortex 24, 1529\u20131539 (2014).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"53299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011903","volume":"5","author":"EB Friedman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friedman, E. B. et al. A conserved behavioral state barrier impedes transitions between anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and wakefulness: evidence for neural inertia. PloS One 5, e11903 (2010).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"53299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118042","volume":"236","author":"Z Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Asymmetric neural dynamics characterize loss and recovery of consciousness. NeuroImage 236, 118042 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12658-9","volume":"10","author":"AI Luppi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luppi, A. I. et al. Consciousness-specific dynamic interactions of brain integration and functional diversity. Nat. Commun. 10, 4616 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.018","volume":"92","author":"JM Shine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shine, J. M. et al. The dynamics of functional brain networks: integrated network states during cognitive task performance. Neuron 92, 544\u2013554 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"53299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab9fec","volume":"17","author":"GJ-PC Becq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becq, G. J.-P. C., Barbier, E. L. & Achard, S. Brain networks of rats under anesthesia using resting-state fMRI: comparison with dead rats, random noise and generative models of networks. J. Neural Eng. 17, 045012 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"53299_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.022","volume":"81","author":"E Tognoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tognoli, E. & Kelso, J. A. S. The metastable brain. Neuron 81, 35\u201348 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"53299_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.01.001","volume":"39","author":"G Deco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deco, G. & Kringelbach, M. L. Metastability and coherence: extending the communication through coherence hypothesis using a whole-brain computational perspective. Trends Neurosci. 39, 125\u2013135 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03073-5","volume":"7","author":"G Deco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deco, G., Kringelbach, M. L., Jirsa, V. K. & Ritter, P. The dynamics of resting fluctuations in the brain: metastability and its dynamical cortical core. Sci. Rep. 7, 3095 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53299_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119433","volume":"259","author":"F Hancock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hancock, F. et al. Metastability, fractal scaling, and synergistic information processing: what phase relationships reveal about intrinsic brain activity. NeuroImage 259, 119433 (2022).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3","volume":"25","author":"JY Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen, J. Y. et al. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1569\u20131581 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998612458319","volume":"38","author":"W Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo, W. & Azen, R. Determining predictor importance in hierarchical linear models using dominance analysis. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 38, 3\u201331 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"key":"53299_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01259-5","volume":"2","author":"G Tononi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tononi, G., Edelman, G. M. & Sporns, O. Complexity and coherency: integrating information in the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2, 474\u2013484 (1998).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04109-x","volume":"5","author":"P Coppola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coppola, P. et al. The complexity of the stream of consciousness. Commun. Biol. 5, 1173 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118193","volume":"237","author":"H Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. Reproducible coactivation patterns of functional brain networks reveal the aberrant dynamic state transition in schizophrenia. NeuroImage 237, 118193 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2013-01888-9","volume":"222","author":"N Nagaraj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagaraj, N., Balasubramanian, K. & Dey, S. A new complexity measure for time series analysis and classification. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 222, 847\u2013860 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"53299_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119720","volume":"264","author":"Y Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu, Y. et al. An orderly sequence of autonomic and neural events at transient arousal changes. NeuroImage 264, 119720 (2022).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2023.109059","volume":"48","author":"Y Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Sainburg, L. E., Han, F. & Liu, X. Simultaneous EEG and functional MRI data during rest and sleep from humans. Data Brief 48, 109059 (2023).","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"53299_CR42","first-page":"20160283","volume":"375","author":"L-D Lord","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lord, L.-D., Stevner, A. B., Deco, G. & Kringelbach, M. L. Understanding principles of integration and segregation using whole-brain computational connectomics: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 375, 20160283 (2017).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022288118","volume":"118","author":"R Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. Segregation, integration, and balance of large-scale resting brain networks configure different cognitive abilities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2022288118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2014.26","volume":"3","author":"MP Mcassey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mcassey, M. P. & Bijma, F. A clustering coefficient for complete weighted networks. Netw. Sci. 3, 183\u2013195 (2015).","journal-title":"Netw. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.06.005","volume":"142","author":"S Alcaide","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alcaide, S. et al. fMRI lag structure during waking up from early sleep stages. Cortex 142, 94\u2013103 (2021).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"53299_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33010-8","volume":"13","author":"B Setzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Setzer, B. et al. A temporal sequence of thalamic activity unfolds at transitions in behavioral arousal state. Nat. Commun. 13, 5442 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53299_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59525","volume":"10","author":"GA Mashour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mashour, G. A. et al. Recovery of consciousness and cognition after general anesthesia in humans. eLife 10, e59525 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"53299_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21385","volume":"33","author":"X Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Propofol disrupts functional interactions between sensory and high-order processing of auditory verbal memory. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 2487\u20132498 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"53299_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00ed Mhuircheartaigh, R., Warnaby, C., Rogers, R., Jbabdi, S. & Tracey, I. Slow-wave activity saturation and thalamocortical isolation during propofol anesthesia in humans. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 208ra148 (2013).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006007"},{"key":"53299_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283628b5d","volume":"26","author":"M Boly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boly, M., Sanders, R. D., Mashour, G. A. & Laureys, S. Consciousness and responsiveness: lessons from anaesthesia and the vegetative state. Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol. 26, 444 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"53299_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003605","volume":"9","author":"WJ Joiner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joiner, W. J. et al. Genetic and anatomical basis of the barrier separating wakefulness and anesthetic-induced unresponsiveness. PLoS Genet. 9, e1003605 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"53299_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006424","volume":"14","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, H., Moon, J.-Y., Mashour, G. A. & Lee, U. Mechanisms of hysteresis in human brain networks during transitions of consciousness and unconsciousness: theoretical principles and empirical evidence. PLoS Comput. Biol. 14, e1006424 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778951","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.778951","volume":"12","author":"C Porcaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Porcaro, C. et al. Diagnostic developments in differentiating unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and the minimally conscious state. Front. Neurol. 12, 778951 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"53299_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.04.008","volume":"12","author":"AK Seth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z., Cleeremans, A., Overgaard, M. & Pessoa, L. Measuring consciousness: relating behavioural and neurophysiological approaches. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 314\u2013321 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2400645","volume":"391","author":"YG Bodien","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bodien, Y. G. et al. Cognitive motor dissociation in disorders of consciousness. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 598\u2013608 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"53299_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03576-6","volume":"5","author":"A Escrichs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Escrichs, A. et al. Unifying turbulent dynamics framework distinguishes different brain states. Commun. Biol. 5, 638 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"53299_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117415","volume":"224","author":"M Dasilva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dasilva, M. et al. Modulation of cortical slow oscillations and complexity across anesthesia levels. NeuroImage 224, 117415 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004293","volume":"137","author":"D Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, D., Fabus, M. S. & Sleigh, J. W. Brain complexities and anesthesia: their meaning and measurement. Anesthesiology 137, 290\u2013302 (2022).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"53299_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.44","volume":"17","author":"G Tononi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tononi, G., Boly, M., Massimini, M. & Koch, C. Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 450\u2013461 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14529","volume":"95","author":"S Dehaene","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dehaene, S., Kerszberg, M. & Changeux, J.-P. A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 14529\u201314534 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","volume":"70","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dehaene, S. & Changeux, J.-P. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 70, 200\u2013227 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"53299_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.026","volume":"105","author":"GA Mashour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mashour, G. A., Roelfsema, P., Changeux, J.-P. & Dehaene, S. Conscious processing and the global neuronal workspace hypothesis. Neuron 105, 776\u2013798 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"53299_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01003-6","volume":"5","author":"G Deco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deco, G., Vidaurre, D. & Kringelbach, M. L. Revisiting the global workspace orchestrating the hierarchical organization of the human brain. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 497\u2013511 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"53299_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.22","volume":"17","author":"C Koch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M. & Tononi, G. Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 307\u2013321 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00587-4","volume":"23","author":"AK Seth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seth, A. K. & Bayne, T. Theories of consciousness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 439\u2013452 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.12.005","volume":"25","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dehaene, S., Charles, L., King, J.-R. & Marti, S. Toward a computational theory of conscious processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 25, 76\u201384 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"53299_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashour, G. A. Anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness. Neuron 112, 1553\u20131567 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.03.002"},{"key":"53299_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418031112","volume":"112","author":"P Barttfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barttfeld, P. et al. Signature of consciousness in the dynamics of resting-state brain activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 887\u2013892 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"53299_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002336","volume":"129","author":"L Uhrig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uhrig, L. et al. Resting-state dynamics as a cortical signature of anesthesia in monkeys. Anesthesiology 129, 942\u2013958 (2018).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"53299_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl5547","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5547","volume":"8","author":"J Tasserie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tasserie, J. et al. Deep brain stimulation of the thalamus restores signatures of consciousness in a nonhuman primate model. Sci. Adv. 8, eabl5547 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"53299_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat7603","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat7603","volume":"5","author":"A Demertzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demertzi, A. et al. Human consciousness is supported by dynamic complex patterns of brain signal coordination. Sci. Adv. 5, eaat7603 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"53299_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0068","volume":"2","author":"E Glerean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glerean, E., Salmi, J., Lahnakoski, J. M., J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, I. P. & Sams, M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging phase synchronization as a measure of dynamic functional connectivity. Brain Connect. 2, 91\u2013101 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"53299_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2545-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"Z Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Liu, X., Mashour, G. A. & Hudetz, A. G. Timescales of intrinsic bold signal dynamics and functional connectivity in pharmacologic and neuropathologic states of unconsciousness. J. Neurosci. 38, 2304\u20132317 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109081","volume":"35","author":"Z Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Anterior insula regulates brain network transitions that gate conscious access. Cell Rep. 35, 109081 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"53299_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35764-7","volume":"14","author":"Z Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Mashour, G. A. & Hudetz, A. G. Functional geometry of the cortex encodes dimensions of consciousness. Nat. Commun. 14, 72 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53299_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.043","volume":"147","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Propofol attenuates low-frequency fluctuations of resting-state fMRI BOLD signal in the anterior frontal cortex upon loss of consciousness. NeuroImage 147, 295\u2013301 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0477","volume":"7","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Fine-grained parcellation of brain connectivity improves differentiation of states of consciousness during graded propofol sedation. Brain Connect. 7, 373\u2013381 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"53299_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.062","volume":"124","author":"Z Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Decoupled temporal variability and signal synchronization of spontaneous brain activity in loss of consciousness: An fMRI study in anesthesia. NeuroImage 124, 693\u2013703 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","volume":"80","author":"DC Van Essen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Essen, D. C. et al. The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: an overview. NeuroImage 80, 62\u201379 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.039","volume":"80","author":"SM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. et al. Resting-state fMRI in the Human Connectome Project. NeuroImage 80, 144\u2013168 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","volume":"80","author":"MF Glasser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. et al. The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project. NeuroImage 80, 105\u2013124 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz0087","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz0087","volume":"6","author":"Z Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, J., Mashour, G. A. & Hudetz, A. G. Temporal circuit of macroscale dynamic brain activity supports human consciousness. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz0087 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"53299_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaefer, A. et al. Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Cereb. Cortex 28, 3095\u20133114 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"53299_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","volume":"106","author":"BT Thomas Yeo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas Yeo, B. T. et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 1125\u20131165 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"53299_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00711-6","volume":"23","author":"Y Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Margulies, D. S., Breakspear, M. & Zalesky, A. Topographic organization of the human subcortex unveiled with functional connectivity gradients. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 1421\u20131432 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"53299_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1539-3","volume":"223","author":"M Fukushima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukushima, M. et al. Structure\u2013function relationships during segregated and integrated network states of human brain functional connectivity. Brain Struct. Funct. 223, 1091\u20131106 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"53299_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.092","volume":"50","author":"M Esterman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esterman, M., Tamber-Rosenau, B. J., Chiu, Y.-C. & Yantis, S. Avoiding non-independence in fMRI data analysis: Leave one subject out. NeuroImage 50, 572\u2013576 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"53299_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y Gu, Han, F., Sainburg, L. E., Margeaux M., Liu, X. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI signals during sleep from humans. Openneuro https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18112\/OPENNEURO.DS003768.V1.0.11 (2023).","DOI":"10.18112\/OPENNEURO.DS003768.V1.0.11"},{"key":"53299_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jang, H., Mashour, G. A., Hudetz, A. G. & Huang, Z. Measuring the dynamic balance of integration and segregation underlying consciousness, anesthesia, and sleep. Github https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.12811335 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.12811335"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-53299-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-53299-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-53299-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T06:03:07Z","timestamp":1729749787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-53299-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-53299-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.04.12.589265","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9164"}}