{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:37:20Z","timestamp":1792107440914,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92143201, 21936007, and 22076201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92143201, 21936007, and 22076201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55151-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T17:14:14Z","timestamp":1735578854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Oxidative potential and persistent free radicals in dust storm particles and their associations with hospitalization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Linjun","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WuYuxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8462-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guorui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guibin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"55151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01791-6","volume":"570","author":"J Penner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Penner, J. Three ways through the soot, sulfates and dust. Nature 570, 158\u2013159 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"55151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwab165","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab165","volume":"9","author":"Z Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Wan, Y., Zhang, Y. & Wang, H. Why super sandstorm 2021 in North China? Natl Sci. Rev. 9, nwab165 (2021).","journal-title":"Natl Sci. Rev."},{"key":"55151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-00942-1","volume":"15","author":"E Rodriguez-Caballero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Caballero, E. et al. Global cycling and climate effects of aeolian dust controlled by biological soil crusts. Nat. Geosci. 15, 458 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"55151_CR4","unstructured":"WMO. Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System. https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/records\/item\/57122-sand-and-dust-storm-warning-advisory-and-assessment-system (2020)."},{"key":"55151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-6393-2022","volume":"22","author":"JB Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin, J. B. et al. Inverse modeling of the 2021 spring super dust storms in East Asia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 6393\u20136410 (2022).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"55151_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158459","volume":"852","author":"L Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang, L. et al. Emission, transport, deposition, chemical and radiative impacts of mineral dust during severe dust storm periods in March 2021 over East Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 852, 158459 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55151_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7845","volume":"128","author":"C Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold, C. Dust storms and human health: a call for more consistent, higher-quality studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 128, 114001 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"55151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.02.001","volume":"163","author":"MD Schweitzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schweitzer, M. D. et al. Lung health in era of climate change and dust storms. Environ. Res. 163, 36\u201342 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"55151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000391739.70312.ad","volume":"22","author":"XC Pan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pan, X. C. & Liu, J. H. Study on health effects of dust storms (Asian Dusts) in China. Epidemiology 22, S26\u2013S27 (2011).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"55151_CR10","first-page":"PA2831","volume":"54","author":"P Kouis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kouis, P. et al. Mitigating the health effects of desert dust storms through exposure reduction approaches: the LIFE MEDEA Asthma study. Eur. Respir. J. 54, PA2831 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"55151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.1987P13","volume":"198","author":"JE Gross","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gross, J. E., Carlos, W. G., Dela Cruz, C. S., Harber, P. & Jamil, S. Sand and dust storms: acute exposure and threats to respiratory health. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 198, P13\u2013P14 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"55151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5312","volume":"128","author":"M Hashizume","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashizume, M. et al. Health effects of Asian dust: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 128, 066001 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"55151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42530-w","volume":"14","author":"C Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Mortality risks from a spectrum of causes associated with sand and dust storms in China. Nat. Commun. 14, 6867 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen, A. J. et al. Estimates and 25\u2009year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet 389, 1907\u20131918 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"55151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180353","volume":"326","author":"JL Jimenez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jimenez, J. L. et al. Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science 326, 1525\u20131529 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"55151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15308-1","volume":"363","author":"FJ Kelly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kelly, F. J. & Sandstrom, T. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and allergic response. Lancet 363, 95\u201396 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"55151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brook, R. D. et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease an update to the scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 121, 2331\u20132378 (2010).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"55151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03430","volume":"53","author":"JT Bates","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bates, J. T. et al. Review of acellular assays of ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: methods and relationships with composition, sources, and health effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 4003\u20134019 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2902-8","volume":"587","author":"KR Daellenbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daellenbach, K. R. et al. Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe. Nature 587, 414\u2013419 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"55151_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.033","volume":"137","author":"R Suri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suri, R. et al. Exposure to welding fumes and lower airway infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 527 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"55151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107008","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1545","volume":"125","author":"JY Abrams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abrams, J. Y. et al. Associations between ambient fine particulate oxidative potential and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits. Environ. Health Perspect. 125, 107008 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"55151_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01929","volume":"51","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Highly elevated levels and particle-size distributions of environmentally persistent free radicals in haze-associated atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 7936\u20137944 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1021\/es401770y","volume":"48","author":"W Gehling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gehling, W., Khachatryan, L. & Dellinger, B. Hydroxyl radical generation from environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 4266\u20134272 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04439","volume":"52","author":"EP Vejerano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vejerano, E. P., Rao, G. Y., Khachatryan, L., Cormier, S. A. & Lomnicki, S. Environmentally persistent free radicals: insights on a new class of pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 2468\u20132481 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102193","volume":"24","author":"LJ Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin, L. J. et al. Photoinduced formation of persistent free radicals, hydrogen radicals, and hydroxyl radicals from catechol on atmospheric particulate matter. Iscience 24, 102193 (2021).","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"55151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00138-2","volume":"2","author":"G Sigmund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sigmund, G. et al. Environmentally persistent free radicals are ubiquitous in wildfire charcoals and remain stable for years. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 68 (2021).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"55151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131666","volume":"427","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liu, G., Yang, L., Li, D. & Zheng, M. Critical influences of metal compounds on the formation and stabilization of environmentally persistent free radicals. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 131666 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"55151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.07.172","volume":"31","author":"B Dellinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dellinger, B. et al. Formation and stabilization of persistent free radicals. Proc. Combust. Inst. 31, 521\u2013528 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"55151_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6356","DOI":"10.1021\/es2012947","volume":"45","author":"AL dela Cruz","year":"2011","unstructured":"dela Cruz, A. L., Gehling, W., Lomnicki, S., Cook, R. & Dellinger, B. Detection of environmentally persistent free radicals at a superfund wood treating site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 6356\u20136365 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21465","volume":"27","author":"J Saravia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saravia, J., Lee, G. I., Lomnicki, S., Dellinger, B. & Cormier, S. A. Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals and adverse infant respiratory health effects: a review. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 27, 56\u201368 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-11","volume":"6","author":"S Balakrishna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balakrishna, S. et al. Environmentally persistent free radicals amplify ultrafine particle mediated cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 6, 11 (2009).","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR32","unstructured":"Dellinger, B. Newly Detected Air Pollutant Mimics Damaging Effects of Cigarette Smoke. https:\/\/www.chemeurope.com\/en\/news\/85880\/newly-detected-air-pollutant-mimics-damaging-effects-of-cigarette-smoke.html (2008)."},{"key":"55151_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1021\/tx010050x","volume":"14","author":"B Dellinger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dellinger, B. et al. Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 1371\u20131377 (2001).","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Assessment of personal exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals in airborne particulate matter. J. Hazard. Mater. 409, 125014 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.125014"},{"key":"55151_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110571","volume":"196","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Risk evaluation of environmentally persistent free radicals in airborne particulate matter and influence of atmospheric factors. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 196, 110571 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55151_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.160","volume":"355","author":"N Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, N. et al. The degradation of diethyl phthalate by reduced smectite clays and dissolved oxygen. Chem. Eng. J. 355, 247\u2013254 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"55151_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03583","volume":"51","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Pivotal roles of metal oxides in the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 12329\u201312336 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00135","volume":"5","author":"B Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang, B. et al. Environmentally persistent free radicals, reactive oxygen species generation, and oxidative potential of highway PM2.5. ACS Earth Space Chem. 5, 1865\u20131875 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"55151_CR39","unstructured":"Song, L. Yearbook of Meteorological Disasters in China. https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/referencespapers?referenceid=2900940 (2022)."},{"key":"55151_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-11","volume":"8","author":"S Balakrishna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balakrishna, S. et al. Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airway hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 8, 11 (2011).","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0057-1","volume":"11","author":"GI Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, G. I. et al. Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity of influenza virus infection. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 11, 57 (2014).","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","volume":"37","author":"MF Piepoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piepoli, M. F. et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. Heart J. 37, 2315 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"55151_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8559","DOI":"10.1021\/es201309c","volume":"45","author":"L Khachatryan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khachatryan, L., Vejerano, E., Lomnicki, S. & Dellinger, B. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). 1. Generation of reactive oxygen species in aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 8559\u20138566 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1021\/es4044352","volume":"48","author":"C Bogdal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bogdal, C. et al. Emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans during 2010 and 2011 in Zurich, Switzerland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 482\u2013490 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemieux P. M., Lee C. W., Kilgroe J. D., Ryan J. V. Emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls from combustion sources. In ACS Symposium Series (2000).","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2001-0772.ch009"},{"key":"55151_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1021\/es0481981","volume":"39","author":"C Pirard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pirard, C. et al. Environmental and human impact of an old-timer incinerator in terms of dioxin and PCB level: a case study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 4721\u20134728 (2005).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55151_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-016-9367-x","volume":"17","author":"GC Chuang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chuang, G. C., Xia, H., Mahne, S. E. & Varner, K. J. Environmentally persistent free radicals cause apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 17, 140\u2013149 (2017).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2009.12.007","volume":"29","author":"B Fahmy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fahmy, B. et al. In vitro and in vivo assessment of pulmonary risk associated with exposure to combustion generated fine particles. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29, 173\u2013182 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"55151_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0487-4","volume":"18","author":"S Jaligama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaligama, S. et al. Regulatory T cells and IL10 suppress pulmonary host defense during early-life exposure to radical containing combustion derived ultrafine particulate matter. Respir. Res. 18, 15 (2017).","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"55151_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00545.2012","volume":"303","author":"S Mahne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahne, S. et al. Environmentally persistent free radicals decrease cardiac function and increase pulmonary artery pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 303, H1135\u2013H1142 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"55151_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","volume":"295","author":"F Dominici","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dominici, F. et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA 295, 1127\u20131134 (2006).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"55151_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13853","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-13853-2023","volume":"23","author":"D Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, D. et al. Secondary aerosol formation during a special dust transport event: impacts from unusually enhanced ozone and dust backflows over the ocean. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 23, 13853\u201313868 (2023).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"55151_CR53","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/345329 (2021)."},{"key":"55151_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13105","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13105-2016","volume":"16","author":"AM Arangio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arangio, A. M., Tong, H., Socorro, J., P\u00f6schl, U. & Shiraiwa, M. Quantification of environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species in atmospheric aerosol particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 13105\u201313119 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"55151_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9321-2012","volume":"12","author":"JG Charrier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charrier, J. G. & Anastasio, C. On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 9321\u20139333 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"55151_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2327-2015","volume":"15","author":"JG Charrier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charrier, J. G. et al. Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter \u2013 part 1: oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 2327\u20132340 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"55151_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0100993","volume":"15","author":"Y Kumagai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kumagai, Y. et al. Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone, a component of diesel exhaust particles. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15, 483\u2013489 (2002).","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"55151_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2005.01.003","volume":"99","author":"AK Cho","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cho, A. K. et al. Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin. Environ. Res. 99, 40\u201347 (2005).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"55151_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m108","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m108","volume":"368","author":"AM Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M. et al. Short term association between ozone and mortality: global two stage time series study in 406 locations in 20 countries. BMJ 368, m108 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"55151_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11112","volume":"131","author":"E O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, E. et al. Short-term association between sulfur dioxide and mortality: a multicountry analysis in 399 Cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 131, 37002 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"55151_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35326-x","volume":"13","author":"T Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye, T. et al. Short-term exposure to wildfire-related PM(2.5) increases mortality risks and burdens in Brazil. Nat. Commun. 13, 7651 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55151-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55151-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55151-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:02:35Z","timestamp":1735581755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55151-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-55151-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no actual or potential competing financial interests or personal relationships that could appear to influence the work reported in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10827"}}