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Ice m\u00e9lange, tightly packed sea ice and icebergs, has been hypothesized to buttress the calving fronts. However, quantifying the m\u00e9lange buttressing force from field observations remains a challenge. Here we show that such quantification can be achieved with a single field measurement: thickness of m\u00e9lange at the glacier terminus. We develop a three-dimensional discrete element model of m\u00e9lange along with a simple analytical model to quantify the m\u00e9lange buttressing using m\u00e9lange thickness data from ArcticDEM over 32 Greenland glacier termini. We observed a strong seasonality in m\u00e9lange thickness: thin m\u00e9lange (averaged thickness\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$3{4}_{-15}^{+17}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>15<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>17<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    m) in summertime when terminus retreats, and thick m\u00e9lange (averaged thickness\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$11{9}_{-37}^{+31}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mn>11<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>9<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>37<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>31<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    m) in wintertime when terminus advances. The observed seasonal changes of m\u00e9lange thickness strongly coincide with observed Greenland calving dynamics and the modeled buttressing effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55241-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T10:29:33Z","timestamp":1736504973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seasonal changes of m\u00e9lange thickness coincide with Greenland calving dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7623-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Yao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riley","family":"Culberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh A.","family":"Stearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin C.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavinda","family":"Nissanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"55241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav9396","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9396","volume":"5","author":"A Aschwanden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aschwanden, A. et al. Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav9396 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"55241_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20011-8","volume":"11","author":"S Hofer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofer, S. et al. Greater Greenland Ice Sheet contribution to global sea level rise in CMIP6. Nat. Commun. 11, 6289 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55241_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00092-z","volume":"2","author":"Y Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E. & Wood, M. Ice dynamics will remain a primary driver of Greenland ice sheet mass loss over the next century. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 26 (2021).","journal-title":"Commun. 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