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However, AI\u2019s imperfections can lead to suboptimal therapeutics if clinicians over or under rely on AI. To investigate such collaborative decision-making process, we conducted a Human\u2013AI interaction study on response-adaptive radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated two levels of collaborative behavior: model-agnostic and model-specific; and found that Human\u2013AI interaction is multifactorial and depends on the complex interrelationship between prior knowledge and preferences, patient\u2019s state, disease site, treatment modality, model transparency, and AI\u2019s learned behavior and biases. In summary, some clinicians may disregard AI recommendations due to skepticism; others will critically analyze AI recommendations on a case-by-case basis; clinicians will adjust their decisions if they find AI recommendations beneficial to patients; and clinician will disregard AI recommendations if deemed harmful or suboptimal and seek alternatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55259-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T08:41:45Z","timestamp":1738140105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Intricacies of human\u2013AI interaction in dynamic decision-making for precision oncology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipesh","family":"Niraula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle C.","family":"Cuneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo D.","family":"Dinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamalina B.","family":"Jamaluddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jionghua Judy","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Matuszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall K.","family":"Ten Haken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex K.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Dilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Dykstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Frakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey L.","family":"Liveringhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell F.","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel N.","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Rishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier F.","family":"Torres-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Hsuan Michael","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issam","family":"El Naqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"55259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00723-4","volume":"22","author":"EC Scott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scott, E. 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BDG reports fees unrelated to this work from Sure Med Compliance and Elly Health. MMM reports research funding from Varian, a licensing agreement with Fuse Oncology, and serves in the AAPM Board of Directors and is the Co-Director of MROQC, funded by BCBSM. TJD is a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) NSCLC panel. JFTR reports stock ownership and leadership in Cvergenx, Inc. He reports IP and royalty rights in RSI, GARD, RxRSI. HHMY reports funding or fees unrelated to this work from the National Institute of Health, UpToDate, Novocure and Bristol-Myers Squib. IEN is on the scientific advisory of Endectra, LLC., co-founder of iRAI LLC, deputy editor for the journal of Medical Physics, co-chief editor of British Journal of Radiology (BJR)-AI and receives funding from the National Institute of Health (NIH), foundations, and Department of Defense (DoD). A PCT patent application for ARCliDS has been filed. Patent Title: Adaptive radiotherapy clinical decision support tool and related methods, Patent Applicant: H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center IP office in conjunction with University of Michigan IP office. Inventors: DN, IEN, RKTH, Wenbo Sun, JJ, IDD, KCC, MMM, and JBJ. Application Number: US2023\/075004. Status of Application: Pending. Specific aspect of manuscript covered in patent application: The patent covers the underlying model-based decision-making framework of ARCliDS.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1138"}}