{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:10:07Z","timestamp":1790961007306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI174108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI174108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI185638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI185638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES036042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES036042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI176135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI176135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HG011035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HG011035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL173869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL173869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55636-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:18:26Z","timestamp":1735849106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrating electronic health records and GWAS summary statistics to predict the progression of autoimmune diseases from preclinical stages"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Havell","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avantika R.","family":"Diwadkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5131-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chachrit","family":"Khunsriraksakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galen T.","family":"Foulke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6553-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dajiang J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"55636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000708","volume":"32","author":"HK Greenblatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greenblatt, H. K., Kim, H. A., Bettner, L. F. & Deane, K. D. Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis prevention. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 32, 289\u2013296 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"55636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899372","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.899372","volume":"13","author":"G Frazzei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frazzei, G., van Vollenhoven, R. F., de Jong, B. A., Siegelaar, S. E. & van Schaardenburg, D. Preclinical autoimmune disease: a comparison of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Front. Immunol. 13, 899372 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"55636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","volume":"349","author":"MR Arbuckle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arbuckle, M. R. et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1526\u20131533 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.4.1790825","volume":"179","author":"CR Herman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herman, C. R., Gill, H. K., Eng, J. & Fajardo, L. L. Screening for preclinical disease: test and disease characteristics. Am. J. Roentgenol. 179, 825\u2013831 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"55636_CR5","first-page":"1282","volume":"18","author":"K Aho","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aho, K., Heli\u00f6vaara, M., Maatela, J., Tuomi, T. & Palosuo, T. Rheumatoid factors antedating clinical rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 18, 1282\u20131284 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"55636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20018","volume":"50","author":"MM Nielen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nielen, M. M. et al. Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum. 50, 380\u2013386 (2004).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"55636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11223","volume":"48","author":"S Rantap\u00e4\u00e4-Dahlqvist","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rantap\u00e4\u00e4-Dahlqvist, S. et al. Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 2741\u20132749 (2003).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"55636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22665","volume":"56","author":"LD Heinlen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heinlen, L. D. et al. Clinical criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus precede diagnosis, and associated autoantibodies are present before clinical symptoms. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 2344\u20132351 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"55636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.039","volume":"177","author":"NS Abul-Husn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abul-Husn, N. S. & Kenny, E. E. Personalized medicine and the power of electronic health records. Cell 177, 58\u201369 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"55636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36306-5","volume":"14","author":"C Khunsriraksakul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khunsriraksakul, C. et al. Multi-ancestry and multi-trait genome-wide association meta-analyses inform clinical risk prediction for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 14, 668 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4","volume":"50","author":"P Turley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turley, P. et al. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat. Genet. 50, 229\u2013237 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.09.010","volume":"109","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Fritsche, L. G., Smith, J. A., Mukherjee, B. & Lee, S. The construction of cross-population polygenic risk scores using transfer learning. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 109, 1998\u20132008 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR13","volume":"4","author":"M Bahda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bahda, M. et al. Multivariate extension of penalized regression on summary statistics to construct polygenic risk scores for correlated traits. HGG Adv. 4, 100209 (2023).","journal-title":"HGG Adv."},{"key":"55636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.08.016","volume":"110","author":"C Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, C., Ganesh, S. K. & Zhou, X. mtPGS: leverage multiple correlated traits for accurate polygenic score construction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 110, 1673\u20131689 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22050","volume":"41","author":"TSH Mak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mak, T. S. H., Porsch, R. M., Choi, S. W., Zhou, X. & Sham, P. C. Polygenic scores via penalized regression on summary statistics. Genet. Epidemiol. 41, 469\u2013480 (2017).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"55636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prive, F., Arbel, J. & Vilhjalmsson, B. J. LDpred2: better, faster, stronger. Bioinformatics 36, 5424\u20135431 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1029"},{"key":"55636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","volume":"10","author":"T Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge, T., Chen, C. Y., Ni, Y., Feng, Y. A. & Smoller, J. W. Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat. Commun. 10, 1776 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turley, P. et al. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat. Genet. 50, 229\u2013237(2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4"},{"key":"55636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00490.x","volume":"67","author":"R Tibshirani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tibshirani, R., Saunders, M., Rosset, S., Zhu, J. & Knight, K. Sparsity and smoothness via the fused Lasso. J. R. Stat. Soc. Seri. B Stat. Methodol. 67, 91\u2013108 (2004).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Seri. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"55636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-differential effects via GAUDI. Nat. Commun. 15, 1016 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45135-z"},{"key":"55636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47357-7","volume":"15","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. An ensemble penalized regression method for multi-ancestry polygenic risk prediction. Nat. Comm. 15, 3238 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"55636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21614","volume":"36","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., Wray, N. R. & Visscher, P. M. A better coefficient of determination for genetic profile analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 36, 214\u2013224 (2012).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"55636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, V. & Meroni, P. L. Rheumatoid factors. In Autoantibodies 2nd edn (eds. Shoenfeld, Y., Gershwin, M. E. & Meroni, P. L.) 755\u2013762 (Elsevier, 2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452763-9\/50098-6"},{"key":"55636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.22.2435","volume":"164","author":"S Narain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Narain, S. et al. Diagnostic accuracy for lupus and other systemic autoimmune diseases in the community setting. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 2435\u20132441 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004383","volume":"10","author":"C Giambartolomei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giambartolomei, C. et al. Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004383 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2525","volume":"36","author":"A Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein, A., Polliack, A. & Gafter-Gvili, A. Rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoma: incidence, pathogenesis, biology, and outcome. Hematol. Oncol. 36, 733\u2013739 (2018).","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"55636_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8631061","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8631061","volume":"2016","author":"S Yadlapati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yadlapati, S. & Efthimiou, P. Autoimmune\/inflammatory arthritis associated lymphomas: who is at risk? Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, 8631061 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"55636_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.3345","volume":"5","author":"SH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S. H., Jeong, S. H., Kim, H., Park, E. C. & Jang, S. Y. Development of open-angle glaucoma in adults with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Korea. JAMA Netw. Open. 5, e223345 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"55636_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3999","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003999","volume":"95","author":"CC Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng, C. C. et al. Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple sclerosis: a nationwide cohort study. Medicine 95, e3999 (2016).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"55636_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.06.016","volume":"75","author":"B Kisacik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kisacik, B. et al. Mean platelet volume (MPV) as an inflammatory marker in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 75, 291\u2013294 (2008).","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"55636_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2012.09.008","volume":"9","author":"R Ortega Castro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortega Castro, R. et al. Different clinical expression of patients with ankylosing spondylitis according to gender in relation to time since onset of disease. Data from REGISPONSER. Reumatol. Clin. 9, 221\u2013225 (2013).","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin."},{"key":"55636_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9062008","volume":"9,","author":"JW Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, J. W. & Suh, C. H. Systemic manifestations and complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Med. 9, 2008 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030509","volume":"10","author":"PC Taylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor, P. C. et al. The key comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a narrative review. J. Clin. Med. 10, 509 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204223","volume":"73","author":"M Dougados","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dougados, M. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis and evaluation of their monitoring: results of an international, cross-sectional study (COMORA). Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 62\u201368 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"55636_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S384256","volume":"14","author":"S Alharbi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alharbi, S. Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Open Access Rheumatol. 14, 243\u2013253 (2022).","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol."},{"key":"55636_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050998","volume":"10","author":"I Gergianaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gergianaki, I. et al. High comorbidity burden in patients with SLE: data from the community-based lupus registry of Crete. J. Clin. Med. 10, 998 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11105","volume":"2","author":"Y Klionsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klionsky, Y. & Antonelli, M. Thyroid disease in lupus: an updated review. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2, 74\u201378 (2020).","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"55636_CR38","first-page":"Sr7","volume":"16","author":"G Vithoulkas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vithoulkas, G. & Carlino, S. The \u201ccontinuum\u201d of a unified theory of diseases. Med. Sci. Monit. 16, Sr7\u2013Sr15 (2010).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"55636_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210700","volume":"84","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, H., Lutz, M. & Luo, S. Association between polygenic risk score and the progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 84, 1323\u20131335 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"55636_CR40","first-page":"21","volume":"26","author":"J Dom Dera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dom Dera, J. Risk stratification: a two-step process for identifying your sickest patients. Fam. Pract. Manag. 26, 21\u201326 (2019).","journal-title":"Fam. Pract. Manag."},{"key":"55636_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0166-y","volume":"7","author":"WQ Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, W. Q. & Denny, J. C. Extracting research-quality phenotypes from electronic health records to support precision medicine. Genome Med. 7, 41 (2015).","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"55636_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2852","volume":"46","author":"DJ Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, D. J. et al. Meta-analysis of gene-level tests for rare variant association. Nat. Genet. 46, 200\u2013204 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2213","volume":"44","author":"J Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Conditional and joint multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing complex traits. Nat. Genet. 44, 369\u2013375 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3434","volume":"47","author":"J Bentham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bentham, J. et al. Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 47, 1457\u20131464 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16021","volume":"8","author":"CD Langefeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langefeld, C. D. et al. Transancestral mapping and genetic load in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 8, 16021 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55636_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.81","volume":"40","author":"JB Harley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harley, J. B. et al. Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nat. Genet. 40, 204\u2013210 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707865","volume":"358","author":"G Hom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hom, G. et al. Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 900\u2013909 (2008).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"55636_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00931-x","volume":"53","author":"S Sakaue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakaue, S. et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat. Genet. 53, 1415\u20131424 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1604-1","volume":"20","author":"A Juli\u00e0","year":"2018","unstructured":"Juli\u00e0, A. et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies five new loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res. Ther. 20, 100 (2018).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther"},{"key":"55636_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219065","volume":"80","author":"E Ha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ha, E., Bae, S. C. & Kim, K. Large-scale meta-analysis across East Asian and European populations updated genetic architecture and variant-driven biology of rheumatoid arthritis, identifying 11 novel susceptibility loci. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 558\u2013565 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"55636_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Proper conditional analysis in the presence of missing data: Application to large scale meta-analysis of tobacco use phenotypes. PLoS Genet 14, e1007452 (2018).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007452"},{"key":"55636_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","volume":"51","author":"M Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, M. et al. Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat. Genet. 51, 237\u2013244 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-246","volume":"12","author":"DH Alexander","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alexander, D. H. & Lange, K. Enhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation. BMC Bioinform. 12, 246 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"55636_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1608","volume":"27","author":"AT Marees","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marees, A. T. et al. A tutorial on conducting genome-wide association studies: quality control and statistical analysis. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 27, e1608 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"55636_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02310-z","volume":"22","author":"JR Curtis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curtis, J. R., Xie, F., Zhou, H., Salchert, D. & Yun, H. Use of ICD-10 diagnosis codes to identify seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis when lab results are not available. Arthritis Res. Ther. 22, 242 (2020).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"55636_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22989","volume":"69","author":"A Barnado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnado, A. et al. Developing electronic health record algorithms that accurately identify patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 69, 687\u2013693 (2017).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"55636_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00870-7","volume":"53","author":"J Mbatchou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mbatchou, J. et al. Computationally efficient whole-genome regression for quantitative and binary traits. Nat. Genet. 53, 1097\u20131103 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"55636_CR58","unstructured":"Cohen, J. & Cohen, J. Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, xxviii (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, 1975)."},{"key":"55636_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti623","volume":"21","author":"T Sing","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sing, T., Sander, O., Beerenwinkel, N. & Lengauer, T. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics 21, 3940\u20133941 (2005).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"55636_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Integrating electronic health records and GWAS summary statistics to predict the progression of autoimmune diseases from preclinical stages. GPS, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14176980 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14176980"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55636-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55636-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55636-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T21:06:12Z","timestamp":1735851972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55636-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-55636-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"180"}}