{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:19:53Z","timestamp":1792549193919,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55640-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:38:19Z","timestamp":1735850299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["C\u2013C bond coupling with sp3 C\u2013H bond via active intermediates from CO2 hydrogenation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qianli","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihe","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4867-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianrong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes Hendrik","family":"Bitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3031-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"55640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/351304a0","volume":"351","author":"DS Jenkinson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E. & Wild, A. Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming. Nature 351, 304\u2013306 (1991).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"55640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.291","volume":"290","author":"P Falkowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Falkowski, P. et al. The global carbon cycle: a test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science 290, 291\u2013296 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"55640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8584","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00025F","volume":"49","author":"WL Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, W. L. et al. Industrial carbon dioxide capture and utilization: state of the art and future challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 8584\u20138686 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202112835","volume":"61","author":"MY He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, M. Y., Sun, Y. H. & Han, B. X. Green carbon science: efficient carbon resource processing, utilization, and recycling towards carbon neutrality. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202112835 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1681-6","volume":"575","author":"C Hepburn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hepburn, C. et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature 575, 87\u201397 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"55640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee03403d","volume":"5","author":"P Markewitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Markewitz, P. et al. Worldwide innovations in the development of carbon capture technologies and the utilization of CO2. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 7281\u20137305 (2012).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01133-3","volume":"19","author":"AI Osman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osman, A. I., Hefny, M., Abdel Maksoud, M. I. A., Elgarahy, A. M. & Rooney, D. W. Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19, 797\u2013849 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"55640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701290","volume":"3","author":"JJ Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, J. J. et al. A highly selective and stable ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Sci. Adv. 3, e1701290 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"55640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6012","volume":"7","author":"C Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meng, C. et al. Oxygen-deficient metal oxides supported nano-intermetallic InNi3C0.5 toward efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi6012 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"55640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253057","volume":"345","author":"J Graciani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Graciani, J. et al. Highly active copper-ceria andcopper-ceria-titania catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2. Science 345, 546\u2013550 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"55640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz2060","volume":"6","author":"SS Dang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang, S. S. et al. Rationally designed indium oxide catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with high activity and selectivity. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz2060 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"55640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3573","volume":"355","author":"S Kattel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kattel, S., Ramirez, P. J., Chen, J. G., Rodriguez, J. A. & Liu, P. Active sites for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on Cu\/ZnO catalysts. Science 355, 1296\u20131299 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"55640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b00058","volume":"139","author":"B An","year":"2017","unstructured":"An, B. et al. Confinement of ultrasmall Cu\/ZnOx nanoparticles in metal-organic frameworks for selective methanol synthesis from catalytic hydrogenation of CO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 3834\u20133840 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2016.03.017","volume":"343","author":"H Bahruji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahruji, H. et al. Pd\/ZnO catalysts for direct CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. J. Catal. 343, 133\u2013146 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b01869","volume":"9","author":"TY Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, T. Y. et al. Unraveling highly tunable selectivity in CO2 hydrogenation over bimetallic In-Zr oxide catalysts. ACS Catal. 9, 8785\u20138797 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE01673B","volume":"12","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Garay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garay, A. et al. Plant-to-planet analysis of CO2-based methanol processes. Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 3425\u20133436 (2019).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2021.02.024","volume":"396","author":"Z Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han, Z. et al. CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts with ordered mesoporous structure. J. Catal. 396, 242\u2013250 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-021-00584-3","volume":"4","author":"JT Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, J. T. et al. Sulfur vacancy-rich MoS2 as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Nat. Catal. 4, 242\u2013250 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00723","volume":"120","author":"X Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Nie, X. W., Guo, X. W., Song, C. S. & Chen, J. G. Recent advances in carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol via heterogeneous catalysis. Chem. Rev. 120, 7984\u20138034 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b12183","volume":"140","author":"S Kar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kar, S., Sen, R., Goeppert, A. & Prakash, G. K. S. Integrative CO2 capture and hydrogenation to methanol with reusable catalyst and amine: toward a carbon neutral methanol economy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 1580\u20131583 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201610166","volume":"56","author":"K Larmier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Larmier, K. et al. CO2 -to-methanol hydrogenation on zirconia-supported copper nanoparticles: reaction intermediates and the role of the metal-support interface. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 2318\u20132323 (2017).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120994","volume":"304","author":"K Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, K. et al. Atomic Pd-promoted ZnZrO solid solution catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Appl Catal. B Environ. 304, 120994 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"55640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b04720","volume":"9","author":"WH Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, W. H. et al. CO2 hydrogenation on unpromoted and M-promoted Co\/TiO2 catalysts (M = Zr, K, Cs): effects of crystal phase of supports and metal\u2013support interaction on tuning product distribution. ACS Catal. 9, 2739\u20132751 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201600943","volume":"55","author":"O Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin, O. et al. Indium oxide as a superior catalyst for methanol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 6261\u20136265 (2016).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2019.02.004","volume":"200","author":"YL Men","year":"2019","unstructured":"Men, Y. L. et al. Highly dispersed Pt-based catalysts for selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol at atmospheric pressure. Chem. Eng. Sci. 200, 167\u2013175 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1873","volume":"6","author":"F Studt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Studt, F. et al. Discovery of a Ni-Ga catalyst for carbon dioxide reduction to methanol. Nat. Chem. 6, 320\u2013324 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"55640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c03665","volume":"11","author":"JY Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J. Y. et al. CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over In2O3-based catalysts: from mechanism to catalyst development. ACS Catal. 11, 1406\u20131423 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00682","volume":"5","author":"ZQ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, Z. Q. et al. High-performance and long-lived Cu\/SiO2 nanocatalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. ACS Catal. 5, 4255\u20134259 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19523","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c07195","volume":"142","author":"CS Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, C. S. et al. Strong electronic oxide-support interaction over In2O3\/ZrO2 for highly selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 19523\u201319531 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8829","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c03283","volume":"143","author":"JZ Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, J. Z. et al. Neighboring Zn-Zr sites in a metal-organic framework for CO2 hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 8829\u20138837 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19634-8","volume":"11","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, C. et al. Inverse ZrO2\/Cu as a highly efficient methanol synthesis catalyst from CO2 hydrogenation. Nat. Commun. 11, 5767 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b03101","volume":"139","author":"SX Bai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bai, S. X. et al. Highly active and selective hydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol by ordered Pd-Cu nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 6827\u20136830 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2020.07.001","volume":"6","author":"LP Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding, L. P. et al. CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol over Cu@Na-Beta. Chem 6, 2673\u20132689 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"55640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201507585","volume":"55","author":"ZH He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He, Z. H. et al. Water-enhanced synthesis of higher alcohols from CO2 hydrogenation over a Pt\/Co3O4 catalyst under milder conditions. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 55, 737\u2013741 (2016).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202109027","volume":"61","author":"SH Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S. H. et al. Moderate surface segregation promotes selective ethanol production in CO2 hydrogenation reaction over CoCu catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202109027 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6104","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201800729","volume":"57","author":"LX Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, L. X. et al. Selective hydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol over cobalt catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 6104\u20136108 (2018).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201900958","volume":"12","author":"SS Dang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dang, S. S. et al. Selective transformation of CO2 and H2 into lower olefins over In2O3-ZnZrOx \/SAPO-34 bifunctional catalysts. ChemSusChem 12, 3582\u20133591 (2019).","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"55640_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b02649","volume":"8","author":"P Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, P. et al. Direct production of lower olefins from CO2 conversion via bifunctional catalysis. ACS Catal. 8, 571\u2013578 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8544","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b03251","volume":"7","author":"ZL Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Z. L. et al. Highly selective conversion of carbon dioxide to lower olefins. ACS Catal. 7, 8544\u20138548 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b05060","volume":"9","author":"ZQ Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, Z. Q. & Porosoff, M. D. Development of tandem catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to olefins. ACS Catal. 9, 2639\u20132656 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121640","volume":"316","author":"JI Orege","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orege, J. I. et al. Highly stable Sr and Na co-decorated Fe catalyst for high-valued olefin synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation. Appl Catal. B: Environ. 316, 121640 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl Catal. B: Environ."},{"key":"55640_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2020.09.025","volume":"6","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Selective conversion of CO2 into propene and butene. Chem 6, 3344\u20133363 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"55640_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2021.01.036","volume":"395","author":"ZQ Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. Q. et al. Selective hydrogenation of CO2 and CO into olefins over sodium- and zinc-promoted iron carbide catalysts. J. Catal. 395, 350\u2013361 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b00640","volume":"9","author":"X Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui, X. et al. Selective production of aromatics directly from carbon dioxide hydrogenation. ACS Catal. 9, 3866\u20133876 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.10.027","volume":"3","author":"ZL Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Z. L. et al. Highly selective conversion of carbon dioxide to aromatics over tandem catalysts. Joule 3, 570\u2013583 (2019).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"55640_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05880-4","volume":"9","author":"YM Ni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ni, Y. M. et al. Selective conversion of CO2 and H2 into aromatics. Nat. Commun. 9, 3457 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55640_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b01344","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Rationally designing bifunctional catalysts as an efficient strategy to boost CO2 hydrogenation producing value-added aromatics. ACS Catal. 9, 895\u2013901 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b04309","volume":"10","author":"C Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, C. et al. Highly active ZnO-ZrO2 aerogels integrated with H-ZSM-5 for aromatics synthesis from carbon dioxide. ACS Catal. 10, 302\u2013310 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00816","volume":"117","author":"A Alvarez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvarez, A. et al. Challenges in the greener production of formates\/formic acid, methanol, and DME by heterogeneously catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation processes. Chem. Rev. 117, 9804\u20139838 (2017).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2009.07.075","volume":"148","author":"G Centi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centi, G. & Perathoner, S. Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels. Catal. Today 148, 191\u2013205 (2009).","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"55640_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1039\/c001514h","volume":"3","author":"RW Dorner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dorner, R. W., Hardy, D. R., Williams, F. W. & Willauer, H. D. Heterogeneous catalytic CO2 conversion to value-added hydrocarbons. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 884\u2013890 (2010).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00976","volume":"6","author":"P Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, P., Zhang, L. N., Li, S. G., Zhou, Z. X. & Sun, Y. H. Novel heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to liquid fuels. ACS Cent. Sci. 6, 1657\u20131670 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7995","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00122B","volume":"43","author":"A Goeppert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goeppert, A., Czaun, M., Jones, J. P., Surya Prakash, G. K. & Olah, G. A. Recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and derived products - closing the loop. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 7995\u20138048 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22568-4","volume":"12","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Gallium nitride catalyzed the direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to dimethyl ether as primary product. Nat. Commun. 12, 2305 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200462121","volume":"44","author":"GA Olah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olah, G. A. Beyond oil and gas: the methanol economy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 2636\u20132639 (2005).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE02591E","volume":"8","author":"A Otto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otto, A., Grube, T., Schiebahn, S. & Stolten, D. Closing the loop: captured CO2 as a feedstock in the chemical industry. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 3283\u20133297 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE02657A","volume":"9","author":"MD Porosoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Porosoff, M. D., Yan, B. H. & Chen, J. G. Catalytic reduction of CO2 by H2 for synthesis of CO, methanol and hydrocarbons: challenges and opportunities. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 62\u201373 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55640_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs15008a","volume":"40","author":"W Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, S. P., Ma, X. B. & Gong, J. L. Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 3703\u20133727 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15174","volume":"8","author":"J Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei, J. et al. Directly converting CO2 into a gasoline fuel. Nat. Commun. 8, 15174 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"55640_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10764","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00260K","volume":"50","author":"J Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei, J., Yao, R. W., Han, Y., Ge, Q. J. & Sun, J. Towards the development of the emerging process of CO2 heterogenous hydrogenation into high-value unsaturated heavy hydrocarbons. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50, 10764\u201310805 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"55640_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.08.021","volume":"88","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Chen, Q., Xie, Z., Yang, W. & Li, C. The roles of acidity and structure of zeolite for catalyzing toluene alkylation with methanol to xylene. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 88, 16\u201321 (2006).","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"55640_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.04.100","volume":"195-196","author":"W Alabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alabi, W., Atanda, L., Jermy, R. & Al-Khattaf, S. Kinetics of toluene alkylation with methanol catalyzed by pure and hybridized HZSM-5 catalysts. Chem. Eng. J. 195-196, 276\u2013288 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"55640_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2019.12.001","volume":"5","author":"X Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Catalyst design strategies towards highly shape-selective HZSM-5 for para-xylene through toluene alkylation. Green. Energy Environ. 5, 385\u2013393 (2020).","journal-title":"Green. Energy Environ."},{"key":"55640_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-3373(99)00062-4","volume":"23","author":"EH Shreiber","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shreiber, E. H., Rhodes, M. D. & Roberts, G. W. Methanol dehydrogenation with Raney copper in a slurry reactor. Appl Catal. B: Environ. 23, 9\u201324 (1999).","journal-title":"Appl Catal. B: Environ."},{"key":"55640_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202200258","volume":"14","author":"M Merko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merko, M., Busser, G. W. & Muhler, M. Non\u2010oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde over bulk \u03b2\u2010Ga2O3. ChemCatChem 14, e202200258 (2022).","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"55640_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1998.2253","volume":"180","author":"AE Palomares","year":"1998","unstructured":"Palomares, A. E., Eder-Mirth, G., Rep, M. & Lercher, J. A. Alkylation of toluene over basic catalysts - key requirements for side chain alkylation. J. Catal. 180, 56\u201365 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CY01581G","volume":"9","author":"Z Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Xiong, C. F., Zhao, G. Q. & Zhu, Z. R. Side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol to produce styrene: an overview. Catal. Sci. Technol. 9, 6828\u20136840 (2019).","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55640_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-860X(03)00179-0","volume":"246","author":"G Madhavi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Madhavi, G., Kulkarni, S. J., Murthy, K. V. V. S. B. S. R., Viswanathan, V. & Raghavan, K. V. Side-chain alkylation of 4-picoline with formaldehyde over alkali-modified zeolites. Appl Catal. A: Gen. 246, 265\u2013282 (2003).","journal-title":"Appl Catal. A: Gen."},{"key":"55640_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14488","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201803426","volume":"57","author":"F Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, F. et al. Hydrogenation of pyridines using a nitrogen-modified titania-supported cobalt catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 14488\u201314492 (2018).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.9b03205","volume":"85","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, H., Liu, J., Qu, J. P. & Kang, Y. B. Overcoming electron-withdrawing and product-inhibition effects by organocatalytic aerobic oxidation of alkylpyridines and related alkylheteroarenes to ketones. J. Org. Chem. 85, 3942\u20133948 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"55640_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01357a607","volume":"22","author":"G Wilbert","year":"1957","unstructured":"Wilbert, G., Reich, L. & Tenenbaum, L. Improved synthesis of 4-ethylpyridine. J. Org. Chem. 22, 694\u2013695 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"55640_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba5433","volume":"6","author":"J Zuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuo, J. et al. Selective methylation of toluene using CO2 and H2 to para-xylene. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba5433 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"55640_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CY00210H","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Effective conversion of CO2 into light olefins over a bifunctional catalyst consisting of La-modified ZnZrOx oxide and acidic zeolite. Catal. Sci. Technol. 12, 2566\u20132577 (2022).","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55640_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(20)63567-7","volume":"41","author":"Q Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, Q. et al. Role of ball milling during Cs\/X catalyst preparation and effects on catalytic performance in side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. Chin. J. Catal. 41, 1268\u20131278 (2020).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202319896","volume":"63","author":"J Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, J. et al. Selective upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate towards high-valued oxygenated chemical methyl p-methyl benzoate using a Cu\/ZrO2 catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202319896 (2024).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"55640_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7748","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.2c01996","volume":"12","author":"S Tada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tada, S. et al. Active sites on ZnxZr1\u2013xO2\u2013x solid solution catalysts for CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation. ACS Catal. 12, 7748\u20137759 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2005.08.053","volume":"38","author":"W Gebicki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gebicki, W., Osuch, K., Jastrzebski, C., Golacki, Z. & Godlewski, M. Raman scattering study of ZnO:Ti and ZnO:Mn bulk crystals. Superlattice Microst. 38, 428\u2013438 (2005).","journal-title":"Superlattice Microst."},{"key":"55640_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145650","volume":"474","author":"Z Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong, Z. et al. Ammonia pools effect in Cs modified X zeolites for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. Chem. Eng. J. 474, 145650 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"55640_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2021.01.020","volume":"7","author":"Z Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Zhao, G., Huang, F., Wang, X. & Zhu, Z. Enhancing the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol to styrene over the Cs-modified X zeolite by the assistance of basic picoline as a co-catalyst. Green. Energy Environ. 7, 1241\u20131252 (2022).","journal-title":"Green. Energy Environ."},{"key":"55640_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b04174","volume":"55","author":"H Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, H. et al. Effects of cesium ions and cesium oxide in side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol over cesium-modified zeolite X. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 55, 1849\u20131858 (2016).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res"},{"key":"55640_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2022.154078","volume":"572","author":"M Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park, M., Kim, S., Takahashi, Y. & Jeong, H. Y. Thermal stabilization of extraframework Cs+ in zeolite 13X. J. Nucl. Mater. 572, 154078 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"55640_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1999.2676","volume":"188","author":"EJ Doskocil","year":"1999","unstructured":"Doskocil, E. J. & Davis, R. J. Spectroscopic characterization and catalytic activity of zeolite x containing occluded alkali species. J. Catal. 188, 353\u2013364 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12663","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c02248","volume":"145","author":"Z Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng, Z. et al. Asymmetric sites on the ZnZrOx catalyst for promoting formate formation and transformation in CO2 hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 12663\u201312672 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"55640_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","volume":"54","author":"G Kresse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Furthm\u00fcller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169\u201311186 (1996).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"55640_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.59.1758","volume":"59","author":"G Kresse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758\u20131775 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"55640_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","volume":"77","author":"JP Perdew","year":"1996","unstructured":"Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865\u20133868 (1996).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"55640_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7024","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b02268","volume":"5","author":"C Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, C., Li, G., Hensen, E. J. M. & Pidko, E. A. Nature and catalytic role of extraframework aluminum in faujasite zeolite: a theoretical perspective. ACS Catal. 5, 7024\u20137033 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"55640_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2016.10.027","volume":"344","author":"C Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, C., Li, G., Hensen, E. J. M. & Pidko, E. A. Relationship between acidity and catalytic reactivity of faujasite zeolite: a periodic DFT study. J. Catal. 344, 570\u2013577 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Catal."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55640-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55640-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55640-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T21:08:23Z","timestamp":1735852103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55640-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-55640-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"140"}}