{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:53:47Z","timestamp":1789419227701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59360-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T08:56:39Z","timestamp":1746521799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Electrostatically mediated phosphorescence enhancement of micro-nano composites"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7679-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wensheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3442-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"59360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC00062A","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J., Wu, Y. & Gong, X. Evolution and fabrication of carbon dot-based room temperature phosphorescence materials. Chem. Sci. 14, 3705\u20133729 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"59360_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802906","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201802906","volume":"9","author":"C Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, C., Wang, A. C., Ding, W., Guo, H. & Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation of the energy for the new era. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802906 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7976","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC01770A","volume":"13","author":"W-L Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, W.-L., Lin, W., Chen, Y. & Liu, Y. Supramolecular assembly confined purely organic room temperature phosphorescence and its biological imaging. Chem. Sci. 13, 7976\u20137989 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"59360_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin C. et al. A 3D phosphorescent supramolecular organic framework in aqueous solution. Mater. 2316008 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202316008"},{"key":"59360_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01073-5","volume":"20","author":"W Ye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ye, W. et al. Confining isolated chromophores for highly efficient blue phosphorescence. Nat. Mater. 20, 1539\u20131544 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118928","volume":"245","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, H., Chen, Z. & Pu, S. Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE)-active tetraphenylethene (TPE)-based chemosensor for CN\u2212. Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. BioMolec. Spectr. 245, 118928 (2021).","journal-title":"Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. BioMolec. Spectr."},{"key":"59360_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201710017","volume":"57","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng, Z. et al. Ultralong phosphorescence from organic ionic crystals under ambient conditions. Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed. 57, 678\u2013682 (2018).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed."},{"key":"59360_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9590","DOI":"10.1021\/ja502292p","volume":"136","author":"X Xiong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiong, X. et al. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence of fluorescein derivative for time-resolved and confocal fluorescence imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 9590\u20139597 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"59360_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18103","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b01615","volume":"11","author":"H Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi, H. et al. A highly efficient red metal-free organic phosphor for time-resolved luminescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 18103\u201318110 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"59360_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606665","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606665","volume":"29","author":"X Zhen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhen, X. et al. Ultralong phosphorescence of water\u2010soluble organic nanoparticles for in vivo afterglow imaging. Adv. Mater. 29, 1606665 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4259","volume":"14","author":"Z An","year":"2015","unstructured":"An, Z. et al. Stabilizing triplet excited states for ultralong organic phosphorescence. Nat. Mater. 14, 685\u2013690 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8425","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201712381","volume":"57","author":"L Gu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu, L. et al. Dynamic ultralong organic phosphorescence by photoactivation. Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed. 57, 8425\u20138431 (2018).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed."},{"key":"59360_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5584","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b01304","volume":"31","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Multicolor ultralong organic phosphorescence through alkyl engineering for 4D coding applications. Chem. Mat. 31, 5584\u20135591 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Mat."},{"key":"59360_CR14","first-page":"523","volume":"19","author":"S Yuan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Yang, Y., Xu, Z. & Fang, B. Effect of dopants on long after glow properties of Y2O2S: Eu phosphor and its long afterglow mechanism [J]. J. Inorg. Mater. 19, 523 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR15","first-page":"114","volume":"29","author":"W-z Yan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yan, W.-z, Lin, L., Chen, Y.-h & Yin, M. New red long afterglow aluminate materials doped with mn4+. Chin. J. Lumin. 29, 114 (2008).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lumin."},{"key":"59360_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.05.050","volume":"509","author":"Z-H Ju","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ju, Z.-H., Zhang, S.-H., Gao, X.-P., Tang, X.-L. & Liu, W.-S. Reddish orange long afterglow phosphor Ca2SnO4: Sm3+ prepared by sol-gel method. J. Alloy. Compd. 509, 8082\u20138087 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"59360_CR17","first-page":"151","volume":"21","author":"Z Junying","year":"2003","unstructured":"Junying, Z. Synthesis and luminescent properties of long afterglow glass. J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. 21, 151\u2013154 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc."},{"key":"59360_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00993E","volume":"52","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, X., Waterhouse, G. I., Lu, S. & Yu, J. Recent advances in the design of afterglow materials: mechanisms, structural regulation strategies and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52, 8005\u20138058 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"59360_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0223-z","volume":"5","author":"W Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, W., He, Z. & Tang, B. Z. Room-temperature phosphorescence from organic aggregates. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 869\u2013885 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, W. et al. Simultaneous promotion of efficiency and lifetime of organic phosphorescence for self-referenced temperature sensing. Chem. Eng. J. 400, 125934 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125934"},{"key":"59360_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13048-x","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Ultralong UV\/mechano-excited room temperature phosphorescence from purely organic cluster excitons. Nat. Commun. 10, 5161 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59360_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49238-5","volume":"15","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Supramolecular assembly activated single-molecule phosphorescence resonance energy transfer for near-infrared targeted cell imaging. Nat. Commun. 15, 4787 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59360_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.-X. et al. Room-temperature phosphorescence with variable lifetime of halogen-comprising coordination polymers. Inorg. Chem. 59, 17870\u201317874 (2020).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.0c02948"},{"key":"59360_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.022.202202242","volume":"5","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Recent advances in organic room-temperature phosphorescence of heteroatom (B\/S\/P) containing chromophores. CCS Chem. 5, 292\u2013309 (2023).","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202011830","volume":"133","author":"Z Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, Z. et al. Molecular engineering through control of structural deformation for highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence. Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed. 133, 2086\u20132091 (2021).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed."},{"key":"59360_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1039\/D0OB02505D","volume":"19","author":"AD Nidhankar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nidhankar, A. D., Nayak, R. A. & Babu, S. S. Aggregation-induced phosphorescence of an anthraquinone based emitter. Org. Biomol. Chem. 19, 1004\u20131008 (2021).","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2023.111113","volume":"212","author":"Z Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen, Z. et al. Color-tunable, time-dependent, temperature and humidity-responsive afterglow from hyaluronic acid-based films. Dyes Pigment 212, 111113 (2023).","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment"},{"key":"59360_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101646","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202101646","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, X., Xu, Q. & Ma, X. Emission\u2010tunable room\u2010temperature phosphorescent polymers based on dynamic reversible supramolecule\u2010mediated photocrosslinking. Adv. Opt. Mater. 10, 2101646 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"59360_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19735","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202108025","volume":"60","author":"ZA Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan, Z. A., Lin, X., Sun, S., Ma, X. & Tian, H. Activating room\u2010temperature phosphorescence of organic luminophores via external heavy\u2010atom effect and rigidity of ionic polymer matrix. Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed. 60, 19735\u201319739 (2021).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. -Int. Ed."},{"key":"59360_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19422-4","volume":"11","author":"Y Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. Ultralong lifetime and efficient room temperature phosphorescent carbon dots through multi-confinement structure design. Nat. Commun. 11, 5591 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59360_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133373","volume":"431","author":"S Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui, S. et al. Colorful, time-dependent carbon dot-based afterglow with ultralong lifetime. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 133373 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"59360_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128533","volume":"321","author":"R Keruckiene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keruckiene, R., Volyniuk, D., Leitonas, K. & Grazulevicius, J. V. Dual emission fluorescence\/room-temperature phosphorescence of phenothiazine and benzotrifluoride derivatives and its application for optical sensing of oxygen. Sens. Actuator B-Chem. 321, 128533 (2020).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B-Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2020.117282","volume":"224","author":"L Zang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zang, L. & Zhao, H. A strategy for monitoring oxygen concentration, oxygen consumption, and generation of singlet oxygen using a phosphorescent photosensitizer. J. Lumines 224, 117282 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Lumines"},{"key":"59360_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Irreversible humidity-responsive phosphorescence materials from cellulose for advanced anti-counterfeiting and environmental monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 16582\u201316591 (2022).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c00043"},{"key":"59360_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, W.-T. et al. Construction and Humidity Response of a Room\u2010Temperature\u2010Phosphorescent Hybrid Xerogel Based on a Multicharge Supramolecular Assembly. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2, 2000080 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202000080"},{"key":"59360_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916553","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.916553","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. The development and progression of micro-nano Optics. Front. Chem. 10, 916553 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-020-0390-3","volume":"8","author":"L Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Liu, D., Wang, J. & Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerators: fundamental physics and potential applications. Friction 8, 481\u2013506 (2020).","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"59360_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003739","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003739","volume":"8","author":"W Zhai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhai, W. et al. Recent progress on wear\u2010resistant materials: designs, properties, and applications. Adv. Sci. 8, 2003739 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"59360_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-3204-z","volume":"14","author":"S-Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, S.-Y. et al. Self-exothermic reaction driven large-scale synthesis of phosphorescent carbon nanodots. Nano Res. 14, 2231\u20132240 (2021).","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"59360_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1039\/D2PY00937D","volume":"14","author":"W Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, W., Yin, D., Pan, C., Liu, C. & Hong, C. Fabrication of nano-objects with morphology-correlated room-temperature phosphorescence and their application in information encryption. Poly. Chem. 14, 318\u2013323 (2023).","journal-title":"Poly. Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2022.111381","volume":"466","author":"X Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan, X., Gorman, M. T., Li, S. & Ni, R. Surface-resolved dynamic simulation of charged non-spherical particles. J. Comput. Phys. 466, 111381 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"59360_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48744-w","volume":"15","author":"W Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al. Urea-formaldehyde resin room temperature phosphorescent material with ultra-long afterglow and adjustable phosphorescence performance. Nat. Commun. 15, 4415 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59360_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","volume":"33","author":"T Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu, T. & Chen, F. Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem. 33, 580\u2013592 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"59360_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.09.048","volume":"171","author":"Z Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Lu, T. & Chen, Q. Intermolecular interaction characteristics of the all-carboatomic ring, cyclo[18]carbon: Focusing on molecular adsorption and stacking. Carbon 171, 514\u2013523 (2021).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"59360_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.98.062903","volume":"98","author":"A Matias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matias, A., Shinbrot, T. & Ara\u00fajo, N. Mechanical equilibrium of aggregates of dielectric spheres. Phys. Rev. E 98, 062903 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-59360-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-59360-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-59360-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T21:01:53Z","timestamp":1746565313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-59360-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-59360-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4189"}}