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Characteristic of the infection is the formation of grains. However, knowledge of the function and formation of the grain is limited. Here, we use a <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae infection model and transcriptomic profiling to identify processes associated with <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> grain formation. Larvae were infected with <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> and, after 4, 24, 72 and 168\u2009h post-inoculation, RNA was extracted from larval content and sequenced. We found that 3498 <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> and 136 <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> genes were differentially expressed during infection. In particular, genes encoding proteins related to iron transport were highly expressed by both <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> (transferrin and ferritin) and <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> (SidA, SidD and SidI). LC-MS\/MS analysis of <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> cultured under iron-limiting conditions revealed the presence of SidA and SidD orthologs, and concurrent RP-HPLC and LC-MS identified a singly charged, putative siderophore in culture supernatant. Furthermore, we show that <jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic> can obtain iron from holoferritin. Thus, our results highlight the importance of iron acquisition pathways during grain formation, suggesting potential avenues for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for mycetoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60875-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T09:02:32Z","timestamp":1750842152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Iron regulatory pathways differentially expressed during Madurella mycetomatis grain development in Galleria mellonella"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7458-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imad","family":"Abugessaisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3983-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickey","family":"Konings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri-Ichiroh","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0446-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathal M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsugumi","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4660-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chitose","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michihira","family":"Tagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-5502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasushi","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0436-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Eadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-3247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Verbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5085-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeya","family":"Kasukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy W. 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