{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:22:18Z","timestamp":1793913738619,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62064-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T11:37:14Z","timestamp":1754048234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Serological evidence of clade Ib Mpox transmission by sex workers and within household in South Kivu, DRC"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0688-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandre Murhula","family":"Masirika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca M.","family":"Zaeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pacifique","family":"Ndishimye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Udahemuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saria","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank M.","family":"Aarestrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Schuele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babs E.","family":"Verstrepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Otter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-314X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corine H.","family":"GeurtsvanKessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Musabyimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Bengehya Mbiribindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1705-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jules","family":"Minega Ndoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9394-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas B.","family":"Oude Munnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Siangoli Belesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion P. G.","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory D.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"62064_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/d41591-024-00063-9","volume":"30","author":"N Ndembi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ndembi, N. Mpox is a public health emergency - what happens now?. Nat. Med 30, 3044 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"62064_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411368","volume":"392","author":"N Ndembi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ndembi, N. et al. Evolving epidemiology of Mpox in Africa in 2024. N. Engl. J. Med 392, 666\u2013676 (2025).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"62064_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Multi-country outbreak of mpox, External situation report #47 \u2212 13 February 2025, https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report-\u221247--\u221213-february-2025 (2025)."},{"key":"62064_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01751-3","volume":"404","author":"P Adepoju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adepoju, P. Mpox declared a public health emergency. Lancet 404, e1\u2013e2 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"62064_CR5","unstructured":"Africa CDC. Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa, https:\/\/africacdc.org\/download\/mpox-continental-preparedness-and-response-plan-for-africa\/ (2024)."},{"key":"62064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01806-3","volume":"404","author":"HCK Ntumba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ntumba, H. C. K. & Mandja, B. M. Mpox in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: challenges and prospects for vaccination. Lancet 404, 1011 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"62064_CR7","unstructured":"UNICEF. Democratic Republic of the Congo starts mpox vaccination in high-priority provinces, https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/democratic-republic-congo-starts-mpox-vaccination-high-priority-provinces (2024)."},{"key":"62064_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022-24 Mpox Outbreak: Global Trends, https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/ (2025)."},{"key":"62064_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masirika, L. M. et al. Ongoing mpox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill 29 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106 (2024).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106"},{"key":"62064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03130-3","volume":"30","author":"EH Vakaniaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vakaniaki, E. H. et al. Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat. Med. 30, 2791\u20132795 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"62064_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00287-1","volume":"24","author":"PD Katoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katoto, P. D. et al. Shifting transmission patterns of human mpox in South Kivu, DR Congo. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, e354\u2013e355 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62064_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masirika, L. M. et al. Epidemiological and genomic evolution of the ongoing outbreak of clade Ib mpox virus in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03582-1 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03582-1"},{"key":"62064_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.017","volume":"188","author":"E Kinganda-Lusamaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kinganda-Lusamaki, E. et al. Clade I mpox virus genomic diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2024: Predominance of zoonotic transmission. Cell 188, 4\u201314.e16 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"62064_CR14","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Democratic Republic of the Congo, https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/democraticrepublicofthecongo (2023)."},{"key":"62064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02090-w","volume":"29","author":"LM Zaeck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaeck, L. M. et al. Low levels of monkeypox virus-neutralizing antibodies after MVA-BN vaccination in healthy individuals. Nat. Med 29, 270\u2013278 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"62064_CR16","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Henderson, D. A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z. & Ladnyi, I. D. Smallpox and its eradication, https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/39485 (1988)."},{"key":"62064_CR17","unstructured":"ECDC. Communicable disease threats report, 1 - 7 February 2025, week 6, https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/communicable-disease-threats-report-1-7-february-2025-week-6 (2025)."},{"key":"62064_CR18","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Multi-country outbreak of mpox, External situation report #48 - 10 March 2025, https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--48---10-march-2025 (2025)."},{"key":"62064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, L. P. et al. Orthopoxvirus-specific antibodies wane to undetectable levels 1 year after MVA-BN vaccination of at-risk individuals, the Netherlands, 2022 to 2023. Euro Surveill 29, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.38.2400575 (2024).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.38.2400575"},{"key":"62064_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuele, L. et al. Real-time PCR assay to detect the novel Clade Ib monkeypox virus, September 2023 to May 2024. Euro Surveill 29, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.32.2400486 (2024).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.32.2400486"},{"key":"62064_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kafetzopoulou, L. E. et al. Assessment of metagenomic Nanopore and Illumina sequencing for recovering whole genome sequences of chikungunya and dengue viruses directly from clinical samples. Euro Surveill 23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.50.1800228 (2018).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.50.1800228"},{"key":"62064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.02.018","volume":"102","author":"KTD Thai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thai, K. T. D. et al. An analysis of the predictive value of the HIV Ag\/Ab screening assay within the performance characteristics of the DiaSorin LIAISON XL for the detection of blood-borne viruses. J. Clin. Virol. 102, 95\u2013100 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"62064_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100987","volume":"6","author":"S Jones","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jones, S. et al. Assessment of MpoxPlex, a high-throughput and multiplexed immunoassay: A diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Microbe 6, 100987 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-62064-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-62064-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-62064-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T10:54:56Z","timestamp":1757328896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-62064-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-62064-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7056"}}