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It remains unclear how global change factors interact to influence the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and stability. Here, using data from a 24-year experiment, we investigate the impacts of nitrogen (N) addition, enriched CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and their interactions on the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship (complementarity effects and selection effects), the biodiversity-ecosystem stability relationship (species asynchrony and species stability), and their connections. We show that biodiversity remains positively related to both ecosystem productivity (functioning) and its stability under N addition and eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. However, the combination of N addition and eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> diminishes the effects of biodiversity on complementarity and selection effects. In contrast, N addition and eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> do not alter the relationship between biodiversity and either species asynchrony or species\u00a0stability. Under ambient conditions, both complementarity and selection effects are negatively related to species asynchrony, but neither are related to species stability; these links persist under N addition and eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Our study offers insights into the underlying processes that sustain functioning and stability of biodiverse ecosystems in the face of global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62691-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T10:55:48Z","timestamp":1754996148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nitrogen and CO2 enrichment interact to decrease biodiversity impact on complementarity and selection effects"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3009-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0460-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pubin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6893-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengman","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shurong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Mohanbabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forest","family":"Isbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Hautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"62691_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1770","volume":"287","author":"OE Sala","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sala, O. 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