{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:02:16Z","timestamp":1792648936324,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64255-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:41:52Z","timestamp":1760524912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Loss of BPTF restores estrogen response and suppresses metastasis of mammary tumors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Ciccone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhivyaa","family":"Anandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deeptiman","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marygrace C.","family":"Trousdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1654-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8102-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenzie K.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris Z.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amritha Varshini","family":"Hanasoge Somasundara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5546-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7856-2818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5038-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Ostrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0163-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C. K.","family":"Pomerantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3557-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Siepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Tollkuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila O.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"64255_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467212666190215112915","volume":"12","author":"J Kaur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaur, J., Daoud, A. & Eblen, S. T. Targeting chromatin remodeling for cancer therapy. Curr. Mol. Pharm. 12, 215\u2013229 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"64255_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.056","volume":"30","author":"S Yomtoubian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yomtoubian, S. et al. Inhibition of EZH2 catalytic activity selectively targets a metastatic subpopulation in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Rep. 30, 755\u2013770.e6 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"64255_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1299","volume":"28","author":"H Kurani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurani, H. et al. DOT1L is a novel cancer stem cell target for triple-negative breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 1948\u20131965 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P4-08-11","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS22-P4-08-11","volume":"83","author":"A Schade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schade, A. et al. Abstract P4-08-11: AKT and EZH2 inhibitors kill TNBCs by hijacking mechanisms of involution. Cancer Res. 83, P4-08-11 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, C. et al. Challenges in the management of advanced, ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 12, 541\u2013552 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.99"},{"key":"64255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Will, M., Liang, J., Metcalfe, C. & Chandarlapaty, S. Therapeutic resistance to anti-oestrogen therapy in breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 23, 673\u2013685 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00604-3"},{"key":"64255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Martinez, L., Zhang, Y., Nakata, Y., Chan, H. L. & Morey, L. Epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer therapy and resistance. Nat. Commun. 12, 1786 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22024-3"},{"key":"64255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.71","volume":"24","author":"Q Feng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng, Q. et al. An epigenomic approach to therapy for tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Cell Res. 24, 809\u2013819 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"64255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000241","volume":"4","author":"J Landry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Landry, J. et al. Essential role of chromatin remodeling protein bptf in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet. 4, e1000241 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"64255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00345-8","volume":"8","author":"H Xiao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xiao, H. et al. Dual functions of largest NURF subunit NURF301 in nucleosome sliding and transcription factor interactions. Mol. Cell 8, 531\u2013543 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzisheuskaya, A. et al. An alternative NURF complex sustains acute myeloid leukemia by regulating the accessibility of insulator regions. EMBO J. 42, e114221 (2023).","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023114221"},{"key":"64255_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10153","volume":"7","author":"L Richart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richart, L. et al. BPTF is required for c-MYC transcriptional activity and in vivo tumorigenesis. Nat. Commun. 7, 10153 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"64255_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.031","volume":"9","author":"WD Frey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frey, W. D. et al. BPTF maintains chromatin accessibility and the self-renewal capacity of mammary gland stem cells. Stem Cell Rep. 9, 23\u201331 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"64255_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-3125","volume":"76","author":"K Mayes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayes, K. et al. BPTF depletion enhances T-cell\u2013mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 76, 6183\u20136192 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11346","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111346","volume":"25","author":"MM Sinanian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinanian, M. M. et al. A BPTF inhibitor that interferes with the multidrug resistance pump to sensitize murine triple-negative breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 11346 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"64255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013063514007","volume":"10","author":"KU Wagner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wagner, K. U., Ward, T., Davis, B., Wiseman, R. & Hennighausen, L. Spatial and temporal expression of the Cre gene under the control of the MMTV-LTR in different lines of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res. 10, 545\u2013553 (2001).","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"64255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.4236\/jct.2013.47138","volume":"04","author":"S Shishido","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shishido, S., Delahaye, A., Beck, A. & Nguyen, T. A. The MMTV-PyVT transgenic mouse as a multistage model for mammary carcinoma and the efficacy of antineoplastic treatment. J. Cancer Ther. 04, 1187\u20131197 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"64255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14747","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.093039","volume":"285","author":"I Ito","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ito, I. et al. Estrogen inhibits transforming growth factor \u03b2 signaling by promoting Smad2\/3 degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 14747\u201314755 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"64255_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0283","volume":"15","author":"EA Ariazi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ariazi, E. A. et al. A new role for ER\u03b1: silencing via DNA methylation of basal, stem cell, and EMT genes. Mol. Cancer Res. 15, 152\u2013164 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1011173","volume":"12","author":"V Bezrookove","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bezrookove, V. et al. BPTF promotes the progression of distinct subtypes of breast cancer and is a therapeutic target. Front. Oncol. 12, 1011173 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"64255_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10983","volume":"486","author":"C Curtis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Curtis, C. et al. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature 486, 346\u2013352 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64255_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11479","volume":"7","author":"B Pereira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pereira, B. et al. The somatic mutation profiles of 2,433 breast cancers refines their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes. Nat. Commun. 7, 11479 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"64255_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1007-8","volume":"567","author":"OM Rueda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rueda, O. M. et al. Dynamics of breast-cancer relapse reveal late-recurring ER-positive genomic subgroups. Nature 567, 399\u2013404 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64255_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002201","volume":"13","author":"C Lefebvre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lefebvre, C. et al. Mutational profile of metastatic breast cancers: a retrospective analysis. PLoS Med. 13, e1002201 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"64255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.052","volume":"173","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. An integrated TCGA pan-cancer clinical data resource to drive high-quality survival outcome analytics. Cell 173, 400\u2013416.e11 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13902","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01294","volume":"64","author":"H Zahid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahid, H. et al. New design rules for developing potent cell-active inhibitors of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) via BPTF bromodomain inhibition. J. Med. Chem. 64, 13902\u201313917 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"64255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04031-8","volume":"21","author":"S Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, S., Zhang, W., Ma, J. & Ni, X. PHF6 recruits BPTF to promote HIF-dependent pathway and progression in YAP-high breast cancer. J. Transl. Med. 21, 220 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"64255_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, H., Hagerling, C. & Werb, Z. Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev. 32, 1267\u20131284 (2018).","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.314617.118"},{"key":"64255_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kos, K. & De Visser, K. E. The multifaceted role of regulatory T cells in breast cancer. Ann. Rev. Cancer Biol. 5, 291\u2013310 (2020).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-042920-104912"},{"key":"64255_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64344","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17834","volume":"8","author":"K Mayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayes, K. et al. BPTF inhibits NK cell activity and the abundance of natural cytotoxicity receptor co-ligands. Oncotarget 8, 64344\u201364357 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"64255_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-021-09486-3","volume":"26","author":"S Henry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry, S. et al. Characterization of gene expression signatures for the identification of cellular heterogeneity in the developing mammary gland. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 26, 43\u201366 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"64255_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac582","volume":"38","author":"B Phipson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phipson, B. et al. propeller: testing for differences in cell type proportions in single cell data. Bioinformatics 38, 4720\u20134726 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"64255_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63568-7","volume":"163","author":"EY Lin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lin, E. Y. et al. Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases. Am. J. Pathol. 163, 2113\u20132126 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"64255_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-023-09553-x","volume":"29","author":"JR Ortiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ortiz, J. R. et al. Single-cell transcription mapping of murine and human mammary organoids responses to female hormones. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 29, 3 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"64255_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shishido, S., Delahaye, A., Beck, A. & Nguyen, T. A. The MMTV-PyVT Transgenic mouse as a multistage model for mammary carcinoma and the efficacy of antineoplastic treatment. J. Cancer Ther. 4, 11 (2013).","DOI":"10.4236\/jct.2013.47138"},{"key":"64255_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fares, J., Fares, M. Y., Khachfe, H. H., Salhab, H. A. & Fares, Y. Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 5, 28 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x"},{"key":"64255_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035569","volume":"7","author":"RS Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, R. S. et al. Dormancy signatures and metastasis in estrogen receptor positive and negative breast cancer. PLoS ONE 7, e35569 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"64255_CR38","first-page":"15","volume":"6","author":"SJ Chatterjee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. J. & McCaffrey, L. Emerging role of cell polarity proteins in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Breast Cancer. 6, 15\u201327 (2014).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer."},{"key":"64255_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Locquenghien, M., Rozal\u00e9n, C. & Celi\u00e0-Terrassa, T. Interferons in cancer immunoediting: sculpting metastasis and immunotherapy response. J. Clin. Investig. 131, 143296 (2021).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143296"},{"key":"64255_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22816","volume":"547","author":"X Ye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye, X. et al. Upholding a role for EMT in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 547, E1\u2013E3 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64255_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.001","volume":"134","author":"J Massagu\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massagu\u00e9, J. TGFbeta in cancer. Cell 134, 215\u2013230 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsuno, Y., Lamouille, S. & Derynck, R. TGF-\u03b2 signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 25, 76\u201384 (2013).","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32835b6371"},{"key":"64255_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derynck, R., Turley, S. J. & Akhurst, R. J. TGF\u03b2 biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 18, 9\u201334 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0403-1"},{"key":"64255_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12807-0","volume":"10","author":"R Eyre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eyre, R. et al. Microenvironmental IL1beta promotes breast cancer metastatic colonisation in the bone via activation of Wnt signalling. Nat. Commun. 10, 5016 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"64255_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-016-0280-x","volume":"39","author":"D Wolczyk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolczyk, D. et al. TNF-\u03b1 promotes breast cancer cell migration and enhances the concentration of membrane-associated proteases in lipid rafts. Cell. Oncol. 39, 353\u2013363 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"64255_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB02599A","volume":"17","author":"SE Kirberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirberger, S. E. et al. Selectivity, ligand deconstruction, and cellular activity analysis of a BPTF bromodomain inhibitor. Org. Biomol. Chem. 17, 2020\u20132027 (2019).","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"64255_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22097","volume":"238","author":"J Hens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hens, J. et al. Analysis of gene expression in PTHrP-\/- mammary buds supports a role for BMP signaling and MMP2 in the initiation of ductal morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 238, 2713\u20132724 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"64255_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2020","volume":"74","author":"HJ Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang, H. J. et al. Differential regulation of estrogen receptor a expression in breast cancer cells by metastasis-associated protein 1. Cancer Res. 74, 1484\u20131494 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990420)84:2<122::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"84","author":"RV Hoch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoch, R. V., Thompson, D. A., Baker, R. J. & Weigel, R. J. GATA-3 is expressed in association with estrogen receptor in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 84, 122\u2013128 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"64255_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.07.001","volume":"95","author":"MV Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, M. V. & Tollkuhn, J. Estrogen receptor alpha is required in GABAergic, but not glutamatergic, neurons to masculinize behavior. Horm. Behav. 95, 3\u201312 (2017).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"64255_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, J. E. et al. The C3(1)\/SV40 T-antigen transgenic mouse model of mammary cancer: ductal epithelial cell targeting with multistage progression to carcinoma. Oncogene 19, 1020\u20131027 (2000).","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203280"},{"key":"64255_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.07.004","volume":"325","author":"C Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, C., Harada, A. & Oh, Y. IGFBP-3 sensitizes antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells through interaction with GRP78. Cancer Lett. 325, 200\u2013206 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"64255_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R. et al. The dual regulation effects of ESR1\/NEDD4L on SLC7A11 in breast cancer under ionizing radiation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 772380 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.772380"},{"key":"64255_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farcas, A. M., Nagarajan, S., Cosulich, S. & Carroll, J. S. Genome-wide estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer. Endocrinology 162, bqaa224 (2021).","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa224"},{"key":"64255_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.10.010","volume":"50","author":"HR Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, H. R. et al. Egr1 is rapidly and transiently induced by estrogen and bisphenol A via activation of nuclear estrogen receptor-dependent ERK1\/2 pathway in the uterus. Reprod. Toxicol. 50, 60\u201367 (2014).","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"64255_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli, P. et al. Discovery of a chemical probe to study implications of BPTF bromodomain inhibition in cellular and in vivo experiments. ChemMedChem 18, e202200686 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202200686"},{"key":"64255_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dar, A. A. et al. The role of BPTF in melanoma progression and in response to BRAF-targeted therapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 107, djv034 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv034"},{"key":"64255_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-20-0743","volume":"19","author":"L Tyutyunyk-Massey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tyutyunyk-Massey, L. et al. Autophagy-dependent sensitization of triple-negative breast cancer models to topoisomerase II poisons by inhibition of the nucleosome remodeling factor. Mol. Cancer Res. 19, 1338\u20131349 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.06.010","volume":"170","author":"A Tsherniak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsherniak, A. et al. Defining a cancer dependency map. Cell 170, 564\u2013576.e16 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabydeen, S. A. & Furth, P. A. Genetically engineered ER\u03b1-positive breast cancer mouse models. Endocr Relat. Cancer 21, R195\u2013R208 (2014).","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0512"},{"key":"64255_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6370","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0402","volume":"66","author":"D Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma, D., Saxena, N. K., Davidson, N. E. & Vertino, P. M. Restoration of tamoxifen sensitivity in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells: tamoxifen-bound reactivated ER recruits distinctve corepressor complexes. Cancer Res. 66, 6370\u20136378 (2006).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-008-0354-x","volume":"134","author":"J Fan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fan, J. et al. ER\u03b1 negative breast cancer cells restore response to endocrine therapy by combination treatment with both HDAC inhibitor and DNMT inhibitor. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 134, 883\u2013890 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"64255_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.10.005","volume":"275","author":"CL Hostetter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hostetter, C. L., Licata, L. A. & Keen, J. C. Timing is everything: Order of administration of 5-aza 2\u2032 deoxycytidine, trichostatin A and tamoxifen changes estrogen receptor mRNA expression and cell sensitivity. Cancer Lett. 275, 178\u2013184 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"64255_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07835","volume":"5","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Mechanisms of Gefitinib-mediated reversal of tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by inducing ER\u03b1 re-expression. Sci. Rep. 5, 7835 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"64255_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-59","volume":"14","author":"J Mart\u00ednez-Gal\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gal\u00e1n, J. et al. ESR1 gene promoter region methylation in free circulating DNA and its correlation with estrogen receptor protein expression in tumor tissue in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 14, 59 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"64255_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26368","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14300","volume":"8","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. The prognosis analysis of different metastasis pattern in patients with different breast cancer subtypes: a SEER based study. Oncotarget 8, 26368\u201326379 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"64255_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6311-z","volume":"19","author":"R Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. The Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes of patients with different metastatic sites in stage IV breast cancer. BMC Cancer 19, 1091 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"64255_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-021-01393-z","volume":"23","author":"ALV Johansson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johansson, A. L. V. et al. In modern times, how important are breast cancer stage, grade and receptor subtype for survival: a population-based cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. 23, 17 (2021).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"64255_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.040","volume":"186","author":"E Nolan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nolan, E., Lindeman, G. J. & Visvader, J. E. Deciphering breast cancer: from biology to the clinic. Cell 186, 1708\u20131728 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbz039","volume":"1","author":"M Shehata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shehata, M. et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ: current concepts in biology, imaging, and treatment. J. Breast Imaging 1, 166\u2013176 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Breast Imaging"},{"key":"64255_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dos Santos, C. O. et al. Molecular hierarchy of mammary differentiation yields refined markers of mammary stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1303919110 (2013).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303919110"},{"key":"64255_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049","volume":"8","author":"GXY Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng, G. X. Y. et al. Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells. Nat. Commun. 8, 14049 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"64255_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","volume":"177","author":"T Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart, T. et al. Comprehensive integration of single-cell data. Cell 177, 1888\u20131902.e21 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64255_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47462-7","volume":"15","author":"S Henry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Henry, S. et al. Host response during unresolved urinary tract infection alters female mammary tissue homeostasis through collagen deposition and TIMP1. Nat. Commun. 15, 3282 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"64255_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0506580102 (2005).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102"},{"key":"64255_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110099","volume":"37","author":"AV Hanasoge Somasundara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanasoge Somasundara, A. V. et al. Parity-induced changes to mammary epithelial cells control NKT cell expansion and mammary oncogenesis. Cell Rep. 37, 110099 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"64255_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04842-7","volume":"607","author":"XS Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, X. S. et al. OCA-T1 and OCA-T2 are coactivators of POU2F3 in the tuft cell lineage. Nature 607, 169\u2013175 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64255_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y. & Greenleaf, W. J. Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nat. Methods https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2688 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2688"},{"key":"64255_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M. & Salzberg, S. L. Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2009-10-3-r25 (2009).","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-3-r25"},{"key":"64255_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS). Genome Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2008-9-9-r137 (2008).","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-9-r137"},{"key":"64255_CR81","unstructured":"Benner, C., Heinz, S. & Glass, C. K. HOMER - Software for motif discovery and next generation sequencing analysis. http:\/\/homer.ucsd.edu\/homer\/ (2017)."},{"key":"64255_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreszer, T. R. et al. The UCSC genome browser database: extensions and updates 2011. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D918\u2013D923 (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1055"},{"key":"64255_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033 (2010).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033"},{"key":"64255_CR84","unstructured":"Andrews, S. FASTQC a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Babraham Institute (2015)."},{"key":"64255_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170 (2014).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"64255_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobin, A. et al. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29, 15\u201321 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"64255_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. FeatureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656 (2014).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656"},{"key":"64255_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r106","volume":"11","author":"S Anders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anders, S. & Huber, W. Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biol. 11, R106 (2010).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64255-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64255-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64255-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T11:06:27Z","timestamp":1760526387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64255-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-64255-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9168"}}