{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:34:47Z","timestamp":1791387287044,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82205157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82205157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81925026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81925026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64917-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T15:18:43Z","timestamp":1763133523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vaginal microbiome and sexually-transmitted pathogens in Chinese reproductive-age women: a multicentre cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muxuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cancan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongdan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxia","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CALM2004 Consortium Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangzhi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maocheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"64917_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052285","volume":"92","author":"CL Haggerty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haggerty, C. L. et al. Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Sex. Transm. Infect. 92, 441\u2013446 (2016).","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"64917_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.075","volume":"215","author":"I Moreno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreno, I. et al. Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 215, 684\u2013703 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"64917_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","volume":"25","author":"JM Fettweis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fettweis, J. M. et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat. Med. 25, 1012\u20131021 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"64917_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01548-19","volume":"10","author":"VL Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards, V. L. et al. The cervicovaginal microbiota-host interaction modulates Chlamydia trachomatis infection. mBio 10, e01548-19 (2019).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"64917_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05324-9","volume":"20","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progression are associated with increased vaginal microbiome diversity in a Chinese cohort. BMC Infect. Dis. 20, 629 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravel, J. et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 4680\u20134687 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"64917_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","volume":"10","author":"L Newman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newman, L. et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS One 10, e0143304 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"64917_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00219-X","volume":"6","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ma, B., Han, X., Ding, S. & Li, Y. Global, regional, and national burdens of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 6, 763\u2013776 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"64917_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29363","volume":"96","author":"L Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai, L., Wilson, L. G., Nakagawa, M. & Qin, Z. Coinfections with additional oncoviruses in HPV+ individuals: Status, function and potential clinical implications. J. Med. Virol. 96, e29363 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"64917_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad047","volume":"227","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. The estimated lifetime quality-adjusted life-years lost Due to Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Trichomoniasis in the United States in 2018. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 1007\u20131018 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106395","volume":"185","author":"C Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, C., Li, X., Teng, Y. & Tian, J. Co-infection with human papillomavirus and sexually transmitted infections among Chinese individuals. Micro Pathog. 185, 106395 (2023).","journal-title":"Micro Pathog."},{"key":"64917_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14257","volume":"9","author":"P Pella-Saavedra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pella-Saavedra, P. et al. Prevalence of coinfections in a cross-sectional cohort of women screened for multiple pathogens in Peru. Heliyon 9, e14257 (2023).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"64917_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091954","volume":"15","author":"E Ghasemian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghasemian, E., Harding-Esch, E., Mabey, D. & Holland, M. J. When bacteria and viruses collide: a tale of Chlamydia trachomatis and sexually transmitted viruses. Viruses 15, 1954 (2023).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"64917_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008376","volume":"16","author":"M Usyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Usyk, M. et al. Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV in a longitudinal study. PLoS Pathog. 16, e1008376 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"64917_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00146-8","volume":"6","author":"L Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, L. et al. Vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus infection among young Swedish women. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 6, 39 (2020).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"64917_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab547","volume":"226","author":"J Andrade Pessoa Morales","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrade Pessoa Morales, J. et al. Vaginal microbiome components as correlates of cervical human papillomavirus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 1084\u20131097 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091864","volume":"9","author":"S-F Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu, S.-F. et al. Vaginal microbiota of the sexually transmitted infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis in women with vaginitis in Taiwan. Microorganisms 9, 1864 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"64917_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1289449","volume":"13","author":"CM Ardizzone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ardizzone, C. M. et al. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis burden with the vaginal microbiota, bacterial vaginosis, and metronidazole treatment. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 13, 1289449 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"64917_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00181-21","volume":"86","author":"B Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Tao, Z., Edupuganti, L., Serrano, M. G. & Buck, G. A. Roles of the microbiota of the female reproductive tract in gynecological and reproductive health. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 86, e0018121 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"64917_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw374","volume":"214","author":"LL Reimers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reimers, L. L. et al. The cervicovaginal microbiota and its associations with human papillomavirus detection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. J. Infect. Dis. 214, 1361\u20131369 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.973875","volume":"12","author":"C Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, C. et al. Cervicovaginal microbiota significantly changed for HPV-positive women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 12, 973875 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"64917_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70145-0","volume":"12","author":"HA Katki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katki, H. A. et al. Cervical cancer risk for women undergoing concurrent testing for human papillomavirus and cervical cytology: a population-based study in routine clinical practice. Lancet Oncol. 12, 663\u2013672 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"64917_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0203-0","volume":"4","author":"A Mitra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mitra, A. et al. The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: what do we know and where are we going next?. Microbiome 4, 58 (2016).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"64917_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7174","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137174","volume":"23","author":"B Gardella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gardella, B. et al. The complex interplay between vaginal microbiota, HPV infection, and immunological microenvironment in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a literature review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 7174 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"64917_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00934-6","volume":"8","author":"MT France","year":"2020","unstructured":"France, M. T. et al. VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition. Microbiome 8, 166 (2020).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"64917_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00229-0","volume":"7","author":"ME Salliss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salliss, M. E., Maarsingh, J. D., Garza, C., \u0141aniewski, P. & Herbst-Kralovetz, M. M. Veillonellaceae family members uniquely alter the cervical metabolic microenvironment in a human three-dimensional epithelial model. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 7, 57 (2021).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"64917_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16865","volume":"5","author":"A Mitra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitra, A. et al. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disease progression is associated with increased vaginal microbiome diversity. Sci. Rep. 5, 16865 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"64917_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy705","volume":"220","author":"TM Randis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Randis, T. M. & Ratner, A. J. Gardnerella and prevotella: co-conspirators in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. J. Infect. Dis. 220, 1085\u20131088 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2564-x","volume":"35","author":"C Cox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cox, C., Watt, A. P., McKenna, J. P. & Coyle, P. V. Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis display a significant synergistic relationship in bacterial vaginosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 35, 481\u2013487 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00627-6","volume":"22","author":"M Abavisani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abavisani, M. & Keikha, M. Global analysis on the mutations associated with multidrug-resistant urogenital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 22, 70 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"64917_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02560-19","volume":"64","author":"T Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, T. et al. Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis and Structural Mechanisms Underlying Quinolone Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e02560-19 (2020).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"64917_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28762","volume":"95","author":"A Ros\u00e1rio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ros\u00e1rio, A. et al. Impact of cervicovaginal microbiome on the risk of cervical abnormalities development. J. Med Virol. 95, e28762 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"64917_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2018-000032","volume":"29","author":"X-P Chao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chao, X.-P. et al. Correlation between the diversity of vaginal microbiota and the risk of high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Int J. Gynecol. Cancer 29, 28\u201334 (2019).","journal-title":"Int J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"64917_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.569022","volume":"10","author":"A-B Moscicki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moscicki, A.-B., Shi, B., Huang, H., Barnard, E. & Li, H. Cervical-vaginal microbiome and associated cytokine profiles in a prospective study of HPV 16 acquisition, persistence, and clearance. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 569022 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"64917_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020266","volume":"20","author":"MG Torcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torcia, M. G. Interplay among vaginal microbiome, immune response and sexually transmitted viral infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 266 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"64917_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00487","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00487-20","volume":"89","author":"S Dabee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dabee, S., Passmore, J.-A. S., Heffron, R. & Jaspan, H. B. The complex link between the female genital microbiota, genital infections, and inflammation. Infect. Immun. 89, e00487\u201320 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"64917_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000893","volume":"36","author":"A Waltmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waltmann, A., Thomas, C. & Duncan, J. A. The role of the genital microbiota in the acquisition and pathogenesis of sexually transmitted infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 36, 35\u201348 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005370","volume":"142","author":"KD Volesky-Avellaneda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Volesky-Avellaneda, K. D., Laurie, C., Tsyruk-Romano, O., El-Zein, M. & Franco, E. L. Human papillomavirus detectability and cervical cancer prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 142, 1055\u20131067 (2023).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"64917_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-022-01761-w","volume":"27","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. The functions of lncRNAs in the HPV-negative cervical cancer compared with HPV-positive cervical cancer. Apoptosis 27, 685\u2013696 (2022).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"64917_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30032","volume":"138","author":"KU Petry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petry, K. U. et al. Evaluating HPV-negative CIN2+ in the ATHENA trial. Int J. Cancer 138, 2932\u20132939 (2016).","journal-title":"Int J. Cancer"},{"key":"64917_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15146","volume":"32","author":"P Horner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horner, P. et al. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women? - a position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol Venereol. 32, 1845\u20131851 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"64917_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","volume":"70","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Workowski, K. A. et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recommendations Rep. 70, 1 (2021).","journal-title":"MMWR Recommendations Rep."},{"key":"64917_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051093","volume":"12","author":"C Klein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klein, C. et al. Mycoplasma co-infection is associated with cervical cancer risk. Cancers 12, 1093 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"64917_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00140","volume":"5","author":"SN Adebamowo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adebamowo, S. N. et al. and ACCME Research Group Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in the vaginal microbiota and persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Front. Public Health 5, 140 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"64917_CR45","first-page":"4","volume":"3","author":"CT Bautista","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bautista, C. T. et al. Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections. Mil. Med. Res. 3, 4 (2016).","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"64917_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.07.006","volume":"27","author":"M Pekmezovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pekmezovic, M., Mogavero, S., Naglik, J. R. & Hube, B. Host-pathogen interactions during female genital tract infections. Trends Microbiol. 27, 982\u2013996 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"64917_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404123101501","volume":"310","author":"DW Gump","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gump, D. W., Gibson, M. & Ashikaga, T. Lack of association between genital mycoplasmas and infertility. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 937\u2013941 (1984).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"64917_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.859732","volume":"13","author":"NM Noda-Nicolau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noda-Nicolau, N. M. et al. Genital mycoplasmas and biomarkers of inflammation and their association with spontaneous preterm birth and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Microbiol. 13, 859732 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"64917_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390090061025","volume":"257","author":"SM Berman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berman, S. M. et al. Low birth weight, prematurity, and postpartum endometritis. Association with prenatal cervical Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. JAMA 257, 1189\u20131194 (1987).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"64917_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab061","volume":"73","author":"EL Plummer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plummer, E. L. et al. Are mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum associated with specific genital symptoms and clinical signs in nonpregnant women?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, 659\u2013668 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64917_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018002135","volume":"146","author":"D Dess\u00ec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dess\u00ec, D. et al. Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis: new tales of two old friends. Parasitology 146, 1150\u20131155 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"64917_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2022.100072","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. The association of HPV infection and vaginal microbiota of reproductive women in China: a multicenter cohort study protocol. Med. Microecol. 15, 100072 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"64917_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01039-23","volume":"9","author":"W Qing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qing, W. et al. Species-level resolution for the vaginal microbiota with short amplicons. mSystems 9, e0103923 (2024).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"64917_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13, 581\u2013583 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"64917_CR55","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"64917_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonald, D. et al. Greengenes2 enables a shared data universe for microbiome studies (Bioinformatics) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.12.19.520774 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.19.520774"},{"key":"64917_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590\u2013596 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"64917_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","volume":"42","author":"JR Cole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cole, J. R. et al. Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D633\u2013642 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"64917_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0605-2","volume":"6","author":"NM Davis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davis, N. M., Proctor, D. M., Holmes, S. P., Relman, D. A. & Callahan, B. J. Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data. Microbiome 6, 226 (2018).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"64917_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705899114","volume":"114","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Callahan, B. J. et al. Replication and refinement of a vaginal microbial signature of preterm birth in two racially distinct cohorts of US women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 9966\u20139971 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"64917_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z","volume":"12","author":"SJ Salter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salter, S. J. et al. Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biol. 12, 87 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"64917_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","volume":"17","author":"H Mallick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mallick, H. et al. Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies. PLoS Comput Biol. 17, e1009442 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"64917_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, M. et al. CALM2004 Consortium. Vaginal microbiome and sexually-transmitted pathogens in Chinese reproductive-age women: a multicentre cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study. CAL2004_VM_STI, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17059937 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17059937"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64917-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64917-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64917-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:04:03Z","timestamp":1763510643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-64917-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-64917-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10002"}}