{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1793962992863,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65733-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T15:09:44Z","timestamp":1764342584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Electrically tunable ultrafast dynamics and interactions of hybrid excitons in a 2D semiconductor bilayer"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Lopriore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalambos","family":"Louca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1292-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Genco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irantzu","family":"Landa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Erkensten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3777-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles J.","family":"Sayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Perea-Causin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3701-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6613-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Gadermaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermin","family":"Malic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9534-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Cerullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano Dal","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andras","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"65733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-018-0074-2","volume":"2","author":"T Mueller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller, T. & Malic, E. Exciton physics and device application of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors. Npj 2D Mater. Appl. 2, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"65733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021001","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.021001","volume":"90","author":"G Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. Colloquium: Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 021001 (2018).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"65733_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100701","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0107665","volume":"10","author":"R Perea-Causin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perea-Causin, R. et al. Exciton optics, dynamics, and transport in atomically thin semiconductors. APL Mater. 10, 100701 (2022).","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03979-1","volume":"599","author":"NP Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson, N. P., Yao, W., Shan, J. & Xu, X. Excitons and emergent quantum phenomena in stacked 2D semiconductors. Nature 599, 383\u2013392 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01165-6","volume":"17","author":"KF Mak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Semiconductor moir\u00e9 materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 686\u2013695 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"65733_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00408-0","volume":"4","author":"M Turunen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turunen, M. et al. Quantum photonics with layered 2D materials. Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 219\u2013236 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"65733_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00408-7","volume":"7","author":"A Ciarrocchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciarrocchi, A., Tagarelli, F., Avsar, A. & Kis, A. Excitonic devices with van der Waals heterostructures: valleytronics meets twistronics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 449\u2013464 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.55","volume":"1","author":"JR Schaibley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaibley, J. R. et al. Valleytronics in 2D materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 1\u201315 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00440-1","volume":"7","author":"EC Regan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Regan, E. C. et al. Emerging exciton physics in transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 778\u2013795 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7242","volume":"6","author":"P Rivera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rivera, P. et al. Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2\u2013WSe2 heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 6, 6242 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0325-y","volume":"13","author":"A Ciarrocchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciarrocchi, A. et al. Polarization switching and electrical control of interlayer excitons in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Photonics 13, 131\u2013136 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"65733_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0357-y","volume":"560","author":"D Unuchek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Unuchek, D. et al. Room-temperature electrical control of exciton flux in a van der Waals heterostructure. Nature 560, 340\u2013344 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0559-y","volume":"14","author":"D Unuchek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Unuchek, D. et al. Valley-polarized exciton currents in a van der Waals heterostructure. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 1104\u20131109 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"65733_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-024-00721-4","volume":"6","author":"X Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, X., Malic, E. & Lu, Y. Dipolar many-body complexes and their interactions in stacked 2D heterobilayers. Nat. Rev. Phys. 6, 439\u2013454 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"65733_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219010","volume":"336","author":"P Cristofolini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cristofolini, P. et al. Coupling quantum tunneling with cavity photons. Science 336, 704\u2013707 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"65733_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.227402","volume":"121","author":"E Togan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Togan, E., Lim, H.-T., Faelt, S., Wegscheider, W. & Imamoglu, A. Enhanced interactions between dipolar polaritons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 227402 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm8511","volume":"376","author":"E Barr\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barr\u00e9, E. et al. Optical absorption of interlayer excitons in transition-metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. Science 376, 406\u2013410 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"65733_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00666-1","volume":"9","author":"E Barr\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barr\u00e9, E. et al. Engineering interlayer hybridization in van der Waals bilayers. Nat. Rev. Mater. 9, 499\u2013508 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01590","volume":"22","author":"MM Altaiary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altaiary, M. M. et al. Electrically switchable intervalley excitons with strong two-phonon scattering in bilayer WSe2. Nano Lett. 22, 1829\u20131835 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.L041409","volume":"105","author":"Z Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Spatially indirect intervalley excitons in bilayer WSe2. Phys. Rev. B 105, L041409 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03667","volume":"18","author":"Z Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Chiu, Y.-H., Honz, K., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Electrical tuning of interlayer exciton gases in WSe2 bilayers. Nano Lett. 18, 137\u2013143 (2018).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0750-1","volume":"15","author":"N Leisgang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leisgang, N. et al. Giant Stark splitting of an exciton in bilayer MoS2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 901\u2013907 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"65733_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00916-1","volume":"16","author":"N Peimyoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peimyoo, N. et al. Electrical tuning of optically active interlayer excitons in bilayer MoS2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 888\u2013893 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"65733_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01198-w","volume":"17","author":"F Tagarelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tagarelli, F. et al. Electrical control of hybrid exciton transport in a van der Waals heterostructure. Nat. Photonics 17, 615\u2013621 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"65733_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403127","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403127","volume":"11","author":"H Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Control of hybrid exciton lifetime in MoSe2\/WS2 moir\u00e9 heterostructures. Adv. Sci. 11, 2403127 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"65733_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11064","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR01049J","volume":"15","author":"D Erkensten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Erkensten, D. et al. Electrically tunable dipolar interactions between layer-hybridized excitons. Nanoscale 15, 11064\u201311071 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"65733_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39358-9","volume":"14","author":"C Louca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Louca, C. et al. Interspecies exciton interactions lead to enhanced nonlinearity of dipolar excitons and polaritons in MoS2 homobilayers. Nat. Commun. 14, 3818 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33940-3","volume":"13","author":"B Datta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Datta, B. et al. Highly nonlinear dipolar exciton-polaritons in bilayer MoS2. Nat. Commun. 13, 6341 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61607-2","volume":"16","author":"A Genco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Genco, A. et al. Femtosecond switching of strong light-matter interactions in microcavities with two-dimensional semiconductors. Nat. Commun. 16, 6490 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03228-5","volume":"591","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moir\u00e9-induced nonlinearity. Nature 591, 61\u201365 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c01175","volume":"22","author":"JM Fitzgerald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J. M., Thompson, J. J. P. & Malic, E. Twist angle tuning of moir\u00e9 exciton polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. 22, 4468\u20134474 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Optical signatures of interlayer electron coherence in a bilayer semiconductor. Nat. Phys. 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-025-02971-0 (2025)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-025-02971-0"},{"key":"65733_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125314","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.125314","volume":"90","author":"T Byrnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Byrnes, T., Kolmakov, G. V., Kezerashvili, R., Ya & Yamamoto, Y. Effective interaction and condensation of dipolaritons in coupled quantum wells. Phys. Rev. B 90, 125314 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01104-5","volume":"17","author":"Q Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, Q. et al. Bilayer WSe2 as a natural platform for interlayer exciton condensates in the strong coupling limit. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 577\u2013582 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"65733_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0986-9","volume":"567","author":"EM Alexeev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexeev, E. M. et al. Resonantly hybridized excitons in moir\u00e9 superlattices in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 567, 81\u201386 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2191-2","volume":"580","author":"Y Shimazaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shimazaki, Y. et al. Strongly correlated electrons and hybrid excitons in a moir\u00e9 heterostructure. Nature 580, 472\u2013477 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00500-1","volume":"10","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Chen, S., Zheng, W., Zheng, B. & Pan, A. Interlayer exciton formation, relaxation, and transport in TMD van der Waals heterostructures. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 72 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"65733_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42915-x","volume":"14","author":"VR Policht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Policht, V. R. et al. Time-domain observation of interlayer exciton formation and thermalization in a MoSe2\/WSe2 heterostructure. Nat. Commun. 14, 7273 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04977-7","volume":"608","author":"D Schmitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmitt, D. et al. Formation of moir\u00e9 interlayer excitons in space and time. Nature 608, 499\u2013503 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65733_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035039","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ace067","volume":"10","author":"JP Bange","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bange, J. P. et al. Ultrafast dynamics of bright and dark excitons in monolayer WSe2 and heterobilayer WSe2\/MoS2. 2D Mater. 10, 035039 (2023).","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8534","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c03019","volume":"20","author":"S Brem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brem, S., Linder\u00e4lv, C., Erhart, P. & Malic, E. Tunable phases of moir\u00e9 excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. 20, 8534\u20138540 (2020).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014013","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/aca916","volume":"10","author":"J Hagel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagel, J., Brem, S. & Malic, E. Electrical tuning of moir\u00e9 excitons in MoSe2 bilayers. 2D Mater. 10, 014013 (2022).","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"65733_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50834-8","volume":"15","author":"R Perea-Causin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perea-Causin, R. et al. Electrically tunable layer-hybridized trions in doped WSe2 bilayers. Nat. Commun. 15, 6713 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.L041411","volume":"105","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Interlayer exciton complexes in bilayer MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 105, L041411 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR45","volume":"14","author":"A Steinhoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinhoff, A. et al. Exciton-exciton interactions in Van der Waals heterobilayers. Phys. Rev. X 14, 031025 (2024).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"65733_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045426","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.045426","volume":"103","author":"D Erkensten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erkensten, D., Brem, S. & Malic, E. Exciton-exciton interaction in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and van der Waals heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 103, 045426 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0362-y","volume":"15","author":"L Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Exchange-driven intravalley mixing of excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 15, 228\u2013232 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"65733_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01098","volume":"21","author":"VR Policht","year":"2021","unstructured":"Policht, V. R. et al. Dissecting interlayer hole and electron transfer in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures via two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 21, 4738\u20134743 (2021).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c01309","volume":"22","author":"C Trovatello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trovatello, C. et al. Disentangling many-body effects in the coherent optical response of 2D semiconductors. Nano Lett. 22, 5322\u20135329 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b06488","volume":"10","author":"EAA Pogna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pogna, E. A. A. et al. Photo-induced bandgap renormalization governs the ultrafast response of single-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 10, 1182\u20131188 (2016).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"65733_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03513","volume":"17","author":"C Ruppert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruppert, C., Chernikov, A., Hill, H. M., Rigosi, A. F. & Heinz, T. F. The role of electronic and phononic excitation in the optical response of monolayer WS2 after ultrafast excitation. Nano Lett. 17, 644\u2013651 (2017).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.202200376","volume":"260","author":"A Genco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Genco, A. et al. Ultrafast exciton and trion dynamics in high-quality encapsulated MoS2 monolayers. Phys. Status Solidi B 260, 2200376 (2023).","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi B"},{"key":"65733_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.257402","volume":"124","author":"F Katsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsch, F., Selig, M. & Knorr, A. Exciton-scattering-induced dephasing in two-dimensional semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 257402 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c06428","volume":"25","author":"A Genco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Genco, A. et al. Ultrafast dynamics of rydberg excitons and their optically induced charged complexes in encapsulated WSe2 monolayers. Nano Lett. 25, 7673\u20137681 (2025).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18835-5","volume":"11","author":"C Trovatello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trovatello, C. et al. The ultrafast onset of exciton formation in 2D semiconductors. Nat. Commun. 11, 5277 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-019-0122-z","volume":"2","author":"S Ovesen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ovesen, S. et al. Interlayer exciton dynamics in van der Waals heterostructures. Commun. Phys. 2, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"65733_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1021\/nl503799t","volume":"15","author":"M Palummo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palummo, M., Bernardi, M. & Grossman, J. C. Exciton radiative lifetimes in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nano Lett. 15, 2794\u20132800 (2015).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"65733_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235712","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab79ad","volume":"31","author":"Z Chi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chi, Z., Chen, H., Zhao, Q. & Weng, Y.-X. Observation of the hot-phonon effect in monolayer MoS2. Nanotechnology 31, 235712 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"65733_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045423","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.045423","volume":"103","author":"T V\u00f6lzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u00f6lzer, T., Fennel, F., Korn, T. & Lochbrunner, S. Fluence-dependent dynamics of localized excited species in monolayer versus bulk MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 103, 045423 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.195407","volume":"102","author":"T Kuroda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuroda, T. et al. Dark-state impact on the exciton recombination of WS2 monolayers as revealed by multi-time-scale pump-and-probe spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 102, 195407 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.104.L241406","volume":"104","author":"D Erkensten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erkensten, D. et al. Dark exciton-exciton annihilation in monolayer WSe2. Phys. Rev. B 104, L241406 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"65733_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, P. X. et al. Perfect Coulomb drag in a dipolar excitonic insulator. Science 388, 274\u2013278 (2025).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl1829"},{"key":"65733_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, R. et al. Perfect Coulomb drag and exciton transport in an excitonic insulator. Science 388, 278\u2013283 (2025).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl1839"},{"key":"65733_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07558-3","volume":"9","author":"DG Purdie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Purdie, D. G. et al. Cleaning interfaces in layered materials heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 9, 5387 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65733_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043217","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.043217","volume":"3","author":"J Hagel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagel, J., Brem, S., Linder\u00e4lv, C., Erhart, P. & Malic, E. Exciton landscape in van der Waals heterostructures. Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 043217 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-65733-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-65733-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-65733-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T16:02:32Z","timestamp":1764345752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-65733-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-65733-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10710"}}