{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:59:43Z","timestamp":1793739583857,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67413-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T14:45:47Z","timestamp":1765550747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Wireless battery-free ultrathin lithium-niobate resonator as wearable and implantable electronics for continuous monitoring of mechanical vital signs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianjie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengchuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlou","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bofan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningge","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6574-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9357-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengfeng","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3910-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enming","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"67413_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i23","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.suppl_1.i23","volume":"73","author":"LT Dunn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dunn, L. T. Raised intracranial pressure. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 73, i23\u2013i27 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67413_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-014-0327-0","volume":"17","author":"ME Brogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brogan, M. E. & Manno, E. M. Treatment of malignant brain edema and increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 17, 327 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"67413_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0103-z","volume":"15","author":"MH Yacoub","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yacoub, M. H. & McLeod, C. The expanding role of implantable devices to monitor heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 15, 770\u2013779 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"67413_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14591","volume":"77","author":"QF Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, Q. F. et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to diagnose and manage hypertension. Hypertension 77, 254\u2013264 (2021).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"67413_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0349-5","volume":"32","author":"MLNG Malbrain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malbrain, M. L. N. G. et al. Results from the international conference of experts on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med. 32, 1722\u20131732 (2006).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"67413_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00454.x","volume":"29","author":"MU Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, M. U. et al. Percutaneous lead implantation connected to an external device in stimulation-dependent patients with systemic infection\u2014a prospective and controlled study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 29, 875\u2013879 (2006).","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"67413_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06188-7","volume":"166","author":"MM Tetens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tetens, M. M. et al. Use of intensive care, intracranial pressure monitoring, and external ventricular drainage devises in patients with bacterial meningitis, a cohort study. Acta Neurochir. 166, 287 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"67413_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2016-000145","volume":"3","author":"O Bonner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonner, O., Beardsall, K., Crilly, N. & Lasenby, J. There were more wires than him\u2019: the potential for wireless patient monitoring in neonatal intensive care. BMJ Innov. 3, 12\u201318 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ Innov."},{"key":"67413_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061417-125956","volume":"11","author":"HC Koydemir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koydemir, H. C. & Ozcan, A. Wearable and implantable sensors for biomedical applications. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 11, 127\u2013146 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"67413_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.6.JNS10258","volume":"113","author":"DJ Hetem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hetem, D. J., Woerdeman, P. A., Bonten, M. J. M. & Ekkelenkamp, M. B. Relationship between bacterial colonization of external cerebrospinal fluid drains and secondary meningitis: a retrospective analysis of an 8-year period. J. Neurosurg. 113, 1309\u20131313 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"67413_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008552","volume":"93","author":"KRIS Dorresteijn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dorresteijn, K. R. I. S., Jellema, K., van de Beek, D. & Brouwer, M. C. Factors and measures predicting external CSF drain-associated ventriculitis. Neurology 93, 964\u2013972 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"67413_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh0615","volume":"9","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Monitoring blood pressure and cardiac function without positioning via a deep learning\u2013assisted strain sensor array. Sci. Adv. 9, eadh0615 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu6086","volume":"11","author":"J Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. Polyelectrolyte-based wireless and drift-free iontronic sensors for orthodontic sensing. Sci. Adv. 11, eadu6086 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.102027","volume":"24","author":"X Pu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pu, X., An, S., Tang, Q., Guo, H. & Hu, C. Wearable triboelectric sensors for biomedical monitoring and human-machine interface. iScience 24, 102027 (2021).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"67413_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40763-3","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Thin, soft, wearable system for continuous wireless monitoring of artery blood pressure. Nat. Commun. 14, 5009 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"67413_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp8804","volume":"10","author":"B Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, B. et al. Ultrathin crystalline silicon\u2013based omnidirectional strain gauges for implantable\/wearable characterization of soft tissue biomechanics. Sci. Adv. 10, eadp8804 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01022-4","volume":"7","author":"K Kwon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwon, K. et al. A battery-less wireless implant for the continuous monitoring of vascular pressure, flow rate and temperature. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 7, 1215\u20131228 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16492","volume":"530","author":"SK Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang, S. K. et al. Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain. Nature 530, 71\u201376 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"67413_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0300-4","volume":"3","author":"J Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin, J. et al. Bioresorbable pressure sensors protected with thermally grown silicon dioxide for the monitoring of chronic diseases and healing processes. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 37\u201346 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17076","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.76","volume":"3","author":"R Feiner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feiner, R. & Dvir, T. Tissue\u2013electronics interfaces: From implantable devices to engineered tissues. Nat. Rev. Mater. 3, 17076 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0336-5","volume":"3","author":"CM Boutry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boutry, C. M. et al. Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 47\u201357 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000942","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000942","volume":"9","author":"D Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, D. et al. Bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensors as temporary implants for monitoring regional body temperature. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9, 2000942 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400181","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400181","volume":"36","author":"J Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, J. et al. Wireless bioelectronics for in vivo pressure monitoring with mechanically-compliant hydrogel biointerfaces. Adv. Mater. 36, 2400181 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53836-8","volume":"15","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. An ultrasensitive multimodal intracranial pressure biotelemetric system enabled by exceptional point and iontronics. Nat. Commun. 15, 9557 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"67413_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2016.2602298","volume":"25","author":"QA Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, Q. A., Dong, L. & Wang, L. F. LC passive wireless sensors toward a wireless sensing platform: status, prospects, and challenges. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 25, 822\u2013841 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"67413_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00308","volume":"16","author":"KH Ha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ha, K. H., Huh, H., Li, Z. & Lu, N. Soft capacitive pressure sensors: trends, challenges, and perspectives. ACS Nano 16, 3442\u20133448 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"67413_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149926","volume":"485","author":"H Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, H. et al. Progress and challenges in flexible capacitive pressure sensors: Microstructure designs and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 485, 149926 (2024).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"67413_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads5634","volume":"11","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, M., Jia, L., Jia, X., Li, H. & Feng, X. Flexible circuit-free system via passive modulated ultrasound for wireless thoracic pressure monitoring. Sci. Adv. 11, eads5634 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0287-x","volume":"2","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Monitoring of the central blood pressure waveform via a conformal ultrasonic device. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 687\u2013695 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, J., Li, J., Chen, S., Liu, Y. & Ta, D. Unveiling the potential of ultrasound in brain imaging: Innovations, challenges, and prospects. Ultrasonics 145, 107465 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2024.107465"},{"key":"67413_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adj3143","volume":"16","author":"C Rabut","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabut, C. et al. Functional ultrasound imaging of human brain activity through an acoustically transparent cranial window. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadj3143 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"67413_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015008","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/ab5b7b","volume":"30","author":"M Faizan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faizan, M. & Villanueva, L. G. Frequency-scalable fabrication process flow for lithium niobate based Lamb wave resonators. J. Micromech. Microeng. 30, 015008 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"67413_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242201","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0091352","volume":"120","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. High-performance SH-SAW resonator using optimized 30\u00b0 YX-LiNbO3\/SiO2\/Si. Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 242201 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"67413_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"093502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5021663","volume":"112","author":"H Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Flexible surface acoustic wave strain sensor based on single crystalline LiNbO3 thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 093502 (2018).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"67413_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2017.349","volume":"32","author":"XM Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo, X. M. & Zhang, G. P. Deformation-mechanism dependent stretchability of nanocrystalline gold films on flexible substrates. J. Mater. Res. 32, 3516\u20133523 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"67413_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00078D","volume":"4","author":"YK Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. K., Camp\u00e9on, B. D. L., Obata, S. & Nishina, Y. Synergic effect of graphene oxide and boron nitride on the mechanical properties of polyimide composite films. Nanoscale Adv. 4, 2339\u20132345 (2022).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4879850","volume":"104","author":"X He","year":"2014","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Bendable ZnO thin film surface acoustic wave devices on polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 213504 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"67413_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113504","volume":"338","author":"L Kelly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelly, L., Chen, C., Bao, X. & Berini, P. High-resolution surface acoustic wave (SAW) strain sensor based on acoustic fabry-p\u00e9rot resonance. Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 338, 113504 (2022).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A: Phys."},{"key":"67413_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3149785","volume":"110","author":"PH Charlton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charlton, P. H. et al. Wearable photoplethysmography for cardiovascular monitoring. Proc. IEEE 110, 355\u2013381 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"67413_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2369821","volume":"20","author":"W Zuo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zuo, W., Wang, P. & Zhang, D. Comparison of three different types of wrist pulse signals by their physical meanings and diagnosis performance. IEEE J. Biomed. Health 20, 119\u2013127 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health"},{"key":"67413_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.102984","volume":"70","author":"C El-Hajj","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Hajj, C. & Kyriacou, P. A. Cuffless blood pressure estimation from PPG signals and its derivatives using deep learning models. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 70, 102984 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"67413_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803413","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803413","volume":"28","author":"Y Chu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chu, Y. et al. Human pulse diagnosis for medical assessments using a wearable piezoelectret sensing system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1803413 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11897","volume":"17","author":"T Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, T. et al. Multichannel flexible pulse perception array for intelligent disease diagnosis system. ACS Nano 17, 5673\u20135685 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"67413_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113150","volume":"218","author":"F Scardulla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scardulla, F. et al. Photoplethysmograhic sensors, potential and limitations: Is it time for regulation? A comprehensive review. Measurement 218, 113150 (2023).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"67413_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19472","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b03261","volume":"11","author":"JC Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, J. C. et al. Microstructured porous pyramid-based ultrahigh sensitive pressure sensor insensitive to strain and temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 19472\u201319480 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"67413_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1645","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01171.2007","volume":"294","author":"S Munir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munir, S. et al. Exercise reduces arterial pressure augmentation through vasodilation of muscular arteries in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 294, H1645\u2013H1650 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"67413_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.10.009","volume":"18","author":"W Nichols","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nichols, W. Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms. Am. J. Hypertens. 18, 3S\u201310S (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"67413_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404794","volume":"27","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Eardrum-inspired active sensors for self-powered cardiovascular system characterization and throat-attached anti-interference voice recognition. Adv. Mater. 27, 1316\u20131326 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2023.12.003","volume":"72","author":"S Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen, S. et al. Advances in wearable respiration sensors. Mater. Today 72, 140\u2013162 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"67413_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55088-y","volume":"16","author":"J Shang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shang, J. et al. A flexible catheter-based sensor array for upper airway soft tissues pressure monitoring. Nat. Commun. 16, 287 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"67413_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01279-3","volume":"9","author":"S Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, S. et al. Clinical validation of a wearable ultrasound sensor of blood pressure. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 9, 865\u2013881 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411659","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202411659","volume":"37","author":"Z Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, Z. et al. A high-stability pressure-sensitive implantable memristor for pulmonary hypertension monitoring. Adv. Mater. 37, 2411659 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00604-w","volume":"4","author":"M Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, M. et al. Catheter-integrated soft multilayer electronic arrays for multiplexed sensing and actuation during cardiac surgery. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 4, 997\u20131009 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2022.101635","volume":"29","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Noninvasive, wireless and real-time bladder pressure monitoring with biomimetic structured devices. Appl. Mater. Today 29, 101635 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"67413_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00719-8","volume":"5","author":"J Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. A soft and transparent contact lens for the wireless quantitative monitoring of intraocular pressure. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 772\u2013782 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00199-z","volume":"17","author":"S Eftekhari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eftekhari, S., Westgate, C. S. J., Johansen, K. P., Bruun, S. R. & Jensen, R. H. Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in freely-moving rats; impact of different physiological states. Fluids Barriers CNS 17, 39 (2020).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"67413_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-060418-052257","volume":"21","author":"T Heldt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heldt, T., Zoerle, T., Teichmann, D. & Stocchetti, N. Intracranial pressure and intracranial elastance monitoring in neurocritical care. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 21, 523\u2013549 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00235-7","volume":"23","author":"T Zoerle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zoerle, T. et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: challenges and innovations. Lancet Neurol. 23, 938\u2013950 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"67413_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.01.036","volume":"227","author":"M Uldall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uldall, M. et al. A novel method for long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 227, 1\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"67413_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R143","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa7256","volume":"38","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Invasive and noninvasive means of measuring intracranial pressure: a review. Physiol. Meas. 38, R143\u2013R182 (2017).","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"67413_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz431","volume":"19","author":"KAS Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell, K. A. S. et al. First-in-human experience with integration of wireless intracranial pressure monitoring device within a customized cranial implant. Oper. Neurosurg. 19, 341\u2013350 (2020).","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"67413_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.044","volume":"109","author":"S Antes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antes, S. et al. Intracranial pressure\u2013guided shunt valve adjustments with the Miethke Sensor Reservoir. World Neurosurg. 109, e642\u2013e650 (2018).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"67413_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02349-8","volume":"21","author":"VF Velazquez Sanchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velazquez Sanchez, V. F., Al Dayri, G. & Tschan, C. A. Long-term telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring for diagnosis and therapy optimisation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. BMC Neurol. 21, 343 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"67413_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.077","volume":"126","author":"NH Norager","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norager, N. H., Lilja-Cyron, A., Hansen, T. S. & Juhler, M. Deciding on appropriate telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring system. World Neurosurg. 126, 564\u2013569 (2019).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"67413_CR65","first-page":"193","volume":"2","author":"M Abraham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abraham, M. & Singhal, V. Intracranial pressure monitoring. J. Neuroanaesthesiol. Crit. Care. 2, 193\u2013203 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neuroanaesthesiol. Crit. Care."},{"key":"67413_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000156609.95596.24","volume":"56","author":"LOD Koskinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koskinen, L. O. D. & Olivecrona, M. Clinical experience with the intraparenchymal intracranial pressure monitoring Codman Microsensor system. Neurosurgery 56, 693\u2013698 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"67413_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000312711.78438.0C","volume":"62","author":"D Allin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allin, D., Czosnyka, M. & Czosnyka, Z. Laboratory testing of the Pressio intracranial pressure monitor. Neurosurgery 62, 1158\u20131161 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"67413_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910718","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201910718","volume":"30","author":"Q Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Materials, mechanics designs, and bioresorbable multisensor platforms for pressure monitoring in the intracranial space. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1910718 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.096","volume":"91","author":"S Antes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Antes, S., Tschan, C. A., Heckelmann, M., Breuskin, D. & Oertel, J. Telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring with the Raumedic Neurovent P-tel. World Neurosurg. 91, 133\u2013148 (2016).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"67413_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2731370","volume":"11","author":"F Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. A novel intracranial pressure readout circuit for passive wireless LC sensor. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 11, 1123\u20131132 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"67413_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003754","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003754","volume":"30","author":"D Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, D. et al. Bioresorbable wireless sensors as temporary implants for in vivo measurements of pressure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2003754 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6028","volume":"5","author":"LY Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, L. Y. et al. Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care. Nat. Commun. 5, 5028 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"67413_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04336-z","volume":"25","author":"Q Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei, Q. et al. Optimization of LC sensor enabling wireless passive intracranial pressure monitoring. Microsyst. Technol. 25, 3437\u20133446 (2019).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"67413_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behfar, M. H. et al. Inductive passive sensor for intraparenchymal and intraventricular monitoring of intracranial pressure. Proc. IEEE 38th Annu. Int. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 1950-1954 (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591105"},{"key":"67413_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00923-6","volume":"401","author":"JJ Brugts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brugts, J. J. et al. Remote haemodynamic monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures in patients with chronic heart failure (MONITOR-HF): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 401, 2113\u20132123 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"67413_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01628-8","volume":"22","author":"W Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, W. et al. Frictionless multiphasic interface for near-ideal aero-elastic pressure sensing. Nat. Mater. 22, 1352\u20131360 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"67413_CR77","first-page":"1158","volume":"49","author":"I Piper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Piper, I., Barnes, A., Smith, D. & Dunn, L. The Camino intracranial pressure sensor: is it optimal technology? An internal audit with a review of current intracranial pressure monitoring technologies. Neurosurgery 49, 1158\u20131165 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"67413_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw1899","volume":"5","author":"J Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin, J. et al. Bioresorbable optical sensor systems for monitoring of intracranial pressure and temperature. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw1899 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9601-z","volume":"14","author":"MD Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou, M. D., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Cysyk, J. P. & Zheng, S. Y. An implantable fabry-p\u00e9rot pressure sensor fabricated on left ventricular assist device for heart failure. Biomed. Microdevices 14, 235\u2013245 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"67413_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9718-x","volume":"37","author":"PS Cottler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cottler, P. S., Karpen, W. R., Morrow, D. A. & Kaufman, K. R. Performance characteristics of a new generation pressure microsensor for physiologic applications. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 37, 1638\u20131645 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"67413_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1117\/12.623806","volume":"5855","author":"E Pinet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pinet, E., Pham, A. & Rioux, S. Miniature fiber optic pressure sensor for medical applications: an opportunity for intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) therapy. Proc. SPIE 5855, 234\u2013237 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"67413_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07334-y","volume":"630","author":"H Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, H. et al. Injectable ultrasonic sensor for wireless monitoring of intracranial signals. Nature 630, 84\u201390 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"67413_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32318-X_73","volume":"95","author":"A Ragauskas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ragauskas, A., Daubaris, G., Dziugys, A., Azelis, V. & Gedrimas, V. Innovative non-invasive method for absolute intracranial pressure measurement without calibration. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 95, 357\u2013361 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"67413_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65798-1_15","volume":"126","author":"C Robba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robba, C. et al. Non-invasive intracranial pressure assessment in brain injured patients using ultrasound-based methods. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 126, 69\u201373 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"67413_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adm9314","volume":"10","author":"J Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan, J. et al. Millimeter-scale magnetic implants paired with a fully integrated wearable device for wireless biophysical and biochemical sensing. Sci. Adv. 10, eadm9314 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"67413_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf5451","volume":"380","author":"B Gleich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gleich, B., Schmale, I., Nielsen, T. & Rahmer, J. Miniature magneto-mechanical resonators for wireless tracking and sensing. Science 380, 966\u2013971 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"67413_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16560","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3077630","volume":"21","author":"NAB Zulkifli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zulkifli, N. A. B. et al. Highly reliable magnetic-based pressure sensor utilizing simple microstructured PDMS: mechanical and design analysis via finite element analysis. IEEE Sens. J. 21, 16560\u201316567 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"67413_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05610-4","volume":"45","author":"C Robba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robba, C. et al. Brain ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications. A narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 45, 913\u2013927 (2019).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"67413_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.9989","volume":"24","author":"SL Bratton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bratton, S. L. et al. VII. Intracranial pressure monitoring technology. J. Neurotrauma 24, S45\u2013S54 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"67413_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199703000-00020","volume":"25","author":"GL Bloomfield","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bloomfield, G. L., Ridings, P. C., Blocher, C. R., Marmarou, A. & Sugerman, H. J. A proposed relationship between increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and intracranial pressure. Crit. Care Med. 25, 496\u2013503 (1997).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"67413_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2802-2","volume":"31","author":"DH Deeren","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deeren, D. H., Dits, H. & Malbrain, M. L. N. G. Correlation between intra-abdominal and intracranial pressure in nontraumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 31, 1577\u20131581 (2005).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"67413_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117702","volume":"181","author":"F Anwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anwar, F. et al. Hydrocephalus: An update on latest progress in pathophysiological and therapeutic research. Biomed. Pharmacother. 181, 117702 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"67413_CR93","unstructured":"WHO. Trace elements in human nutrition and health. (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1996)."},{"key":"67413_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126745","volume":"66","author":"P Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, P., Pinto, E., Santos, A. & Almeida, A. Reference values for trace element levels in the human brain: A systematic review of the literature. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 66, 126745 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"67413_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12132964","volume":"12","author":"S Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, S. et al. LiNbO3 surface acoustic wave resonators with large effective electromechanical coupling. Electronics 12, 2964 (2023).","journal-title":"Electronics"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-67413-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-67413-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-67413-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:09:02Z","timestamp":1769213342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-67413-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["67413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-67413-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"642"}}