{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T16:14:46Z","timestamp":1794672886793,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70570-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:05:05Z","timestamp":1773471905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Solvation sheath reorganization enables fast ion transfer kinetics in lithium-ion battery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Menglu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baochen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2132-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haotian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6522-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7108-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zirui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuefei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9624-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-2577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiulin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"70570_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/35104644","volume":"414","author":"J Tarascon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tarascon, J. & Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414, 359\u2013367 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"70570_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00767","volume":"121","author":"Y Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian, Y. et al. Promises and challenges of next-generation \u201cbeyond Li-ion\u201d batteries for electric vehicles and grid decarbonization. Chem. Rev. 121, 1623\u20131669 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"70570_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, X. et al. Commercialization of lithium battery technologies for electric vehicles. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1900161 (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201900161"},{"key":"70570_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(02)00618-3","volume":"115","author":"S Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xu, K. & Jow, T. The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 115, 137\u2013140 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"70570_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0405-3","volume":"4","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhu, Y. & Cui, Y. Challenges and opportunities towards fast-charging battery materials. Nat. Energy 4, 540\u2013550 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"70570_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17108","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.108","volume":"2","author":"M Rodrigues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M. et al. A materials perspective on Li-ion batteries at extreme temperatures. Nat. Energy 2, 17108\u201317121 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"70570_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00454","volume":"8","author":"D Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, D. et al. Uncorrelated lithium-ion hopping in a dynamic solvent\u2013anion network. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 1944\u20131951 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"70570_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X. & Kuroda, D. Molecular motions of acetonitrile molecules in the solvation shell of lithium ions. J. Chem. Phys. 153, 164502 (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0024486"},{"key":"70570_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.10.027","volume":"9","author":"Z Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Z. et al. Deciphering and modulating energetics of solvation structure enables aggressive high-voltage chemistry of Li metal batteries. Chem 9, 650\u2013664 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"70570_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, B. et al. Molecular-docking electrolytes enable high-voltage lithium battery chemistries. Nat. Chem. 16, 1427\u20131435 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01585-y"},{"key":"70570_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K. et al. Correlating the solvating power of solvents with the strength of ion-dipole interaction in electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202312373 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202312373"},{"key":"70570_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c01408","volume":"7","author":"Q Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. Dipole\u2013dipole interaction induced electrolyte interfacial model to stabilize antimony anode for high-safety lithium-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 3545\u20133556 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"70570_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3954","volume":"374","author":"S Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou, S. et al. Solvation sheath reorganization enables divalent metal batteries with fast interfacial charge transfer kinetics. Science 374, 172\u2013178 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70570_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borodin, O. & Smith, G. D. Li+ transport mechanism in oligo(ethylene oxide)s compared to carbonates. J. Solut. Chem. 36, 803\u2013881 (2007).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10953-007-9146-1"},{"key":"70570_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11503","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500003w","volume":"114","author":"K Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 114, 11503\u201311618 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"70570_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A882","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1872737","volume":"152","author":"L Val\u00f8ena","year":"2005","unstructured":"Val\u00f8ena, L. & Reimersa, J. Transport properties of LiPF6-based Li-ion battery electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A882\u2013A891 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"70570_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9825664","volume":"103","author":"K Hayamizu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hayamizu, K. et al. Pulse-gradient spin-echo 1H, 7Li, and 19F NMR diffusion and ionic conductivity measurements of 14 organic electrolytes containing LiN(SO2CF3)2. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 519\u2013524 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"70570_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1021\/ja412807w","volume":"136","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada, Y. et al. Unusual stability of acetonitrile-based superconcentrated electrolytes for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 5039\u20135046 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"70570_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.10.017","volume":"4","author":"X Fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan, X. et al. Highly fluorinated interphases enable high-voltage Li-metal batteries. Chem 4, 174\u2013185 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"70570_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12032","volume":"7","author":"J Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 7, 12032 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"70570_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712895115","volume":"115","author":"L Suo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suo, L. et al. Fluorine-donating electrolytes enable highly reversible 5-V-class Li metal batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1156\u20131161 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"70570_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202208345","volume":"61","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Synergy of weakly-solvated electrolyte and optimized interphase enables graphite anode charge at low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202208345 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"70570_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0634-5","volume":"5","author":"Z Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, Z. et al. Molecular design for electrolyte solvents enabling energy-dense and long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 5, 526\u2013533 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"70570_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00962-y","volume":"7","author":"Z Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Z. et al. Rational solvent molecule tuning for high-performance lithium metal battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 7, 94\u2013106 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"70570_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202011482","volume":"60","author":"Y Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Regulating interfacial chemistry in lithium-ion batteries by a weakly solvating electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 4090\u20134097 (2021).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"70570_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A. & Manthiram, A. Designing advanced lithium-based batteries for low-temperature conditions. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2001972 (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202001972"},{"key":"70570_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00412","volume":"53","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X. & Zhang, Q. Atomic insights into the fundamental interactions in lithium battery electrolytes. Acc. Chem. Res. 53, 1992\u20132002 (2020).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"70570_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0040143","volume":"105","author":"H Kataoka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kataoka, H. et al. Ionic mobility of cation and anion of lithium gel electrolytes measured by pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR technique under direct electric field. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2546\u20132550 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"70570_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP06147F","volume":"23","author":"S Pfeifer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfeifer, S. et al. Quantification of cation-cation, anion-anion and cation-anion correlations in Li salt\/glyme mixtures by combining very-low-frequency impedance spectroscopy with diffusion and electrophoretic NMR. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23, 628\u2013640 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"70570_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07045-4","volume":"627","author":"D Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, D. et al. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 627, 101\u2013107 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"70570_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b00822","volume":"4","author":"J Ming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ming, J. et al. Molecular-scale interfacial model for predicting electrode performance in rechargeable batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 1584\u20131593 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"70570_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107899","volume":"34","author":"N Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, N. et al. Critical review on low-temperature Li-ion\/metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 34, e2107899 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10486","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00450F","volume":"50","author":"X Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, X. & Wang, C. High-voltage liquid electrolytes for Li batteries: progress and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50, 10486\u201310566 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"70570_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J. et al. Miniature Li+ solvation by symmetric molecular design for practical and safe Li-metal batteries. Nat. Energy 10, 502\u2013512 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-025-01733-9"},{"key":"70570_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206020","volume":"34","author":"C Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, C. et al. 50C fast-charge Li-ion batteries using a graphite anode. Adv. Mater. 34, 2206020 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c01662","volume":"9","author":"HK Bergstrom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergstrom, H. K. & McCloskey, B. D. Ion transport in (localized) high concentration electrolytes for Li-based batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 9, 373\u2013380 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"70570_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J. et al. Highly stable operation of lithium metal batteries enabled by the formation of a transient high-concentration electrolyte layer. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1502151 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201502151"},{"key":"70570_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01700-3","volume":"22","author":"C Efaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Efaw, C. et al. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat. Mater. 22, 1531\u20131539 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Understanding steric hindrance effect of solvent molecule in localized high-concentration electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. Carbon Neutrality 2, 34 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s43979-023-00074-4"},{"key":"70570_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c00987","volume":"32","author":"S Perez Beltran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perez Beltran, S. et al. Localized high concentration electrolytes for high voltage lithium\u2013metal batteries: correlation between the electrolyte composition and its reductive\/oxidative Stability. Chem. Mater. 32, 5973\u20135984 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CP05319E","volume":"25","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watanabe, Y. et al. Does Li-ion transport occur rapidly in localized high-concentration electrolytes? Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25, 3092\u20133099 (2023).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"70570_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000368","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Advanced electrolytes for fast-charging high-voltage lithium-ion batteries in wide-temperature range. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2000368 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.05.002","volume":"4","author":"X Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren, X. et al. Localized high-concentration sulfone electrolytes for high-efficiency lithium-metal batteries. Chem 4, 1877\u20131892 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"70570_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, T. J., Smart, M. C. & Manthiram, A. Differentiating the Synergistic interactions between Li+ salts and cyclic to linear carbonate ratios to enable wide-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 36, e11694 (2026).","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202511694"},{"key":"70570_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202412896","volume":"64","author":"H Tu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tu, H. et al. Regulating non-equilibrium solvation structure in locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes for wide-temperature and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64, e202412896 (2025).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"70570_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1361","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3501236","volume":"157","author":"M Smart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smart, M. et al. Lithium-ion electrolytes containing ester cosolvents for improved low temperature performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, A1361 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"70570_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.03.019","volume":"384","author":"V Nilsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nilsson, V. et al. Critical evaluation of the stability of highly concentrated LiTFSI-acetonitrile electrolytes vs. graphite, lithium metal and LiFePO4 electrodes. J. Power Sources 384, 334\u2013341 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"70570_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y. X. Unlocking charge transfer limitations for extreme fast charging of Li-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202214828 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202380461"},{"key":"70570_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0640-7","volume":"5","author":"Y Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Low-temperature and high-rate-charging lithium metal batteries enabled by an electrochemically active monolayer-regulated interface. Nat. Energy 5, 534\u2013542 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"70570_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706102","volume":"30","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. High-voltage lithium-metal batteries enabled by localized high-concentration electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 30, e1706102 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010852117","volume":"117","author":"X Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren, X. et al. Role of inner solvation sheath within salt-solvent complexes in tailoring electrode\/electrolyte interphases for lithium metal batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 28603\u201328613 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"70570_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, H., Xing, L., Zheng, X., Xu, K. & Li, W. Understanding how nitriles stabilize electrolyte\/electrode interface at high voltage. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 6048\u20136052 (2017).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.7b02734"},{"key":"70570_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Tackling realistic Li+ flux for high-energy lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 13, 5431 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33151-w"},{"key":"70570_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c00548","volume":"9","author":"A Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, A. et al. Dual-halide interphase enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries in wide-temperature range. ACS Energy Lett. 9, 2545\u20132553 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"70570_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202400067","volume":"14","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Dual LiF\/LiCl-rich solid electrolyte interphases with robust and Li+-conductive characteristics for 4.8 V lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2400067 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"70570_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(87)90394-6","volume":"28","author":"J Evans","year":"1987","unstructured":"Evans, J., Vincent, C. & Bruce, P. Electrochemical measurement of transference numbers in polymer electrolytes. Polymer 28, 2324\u20132328 (1987).","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"70570_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3382344","volume":"132","author":"S Grimme","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grimme, S. et al. A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu. J. Chem. Phys. 132, 154104 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"70570_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","volume":"33","author":"T Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, T. & Chen, F. Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem. 33, 580\u2013592 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"70570_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.26812","volume":"43","author":"T Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, T. & Chen, Q. Independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition: a new method for visual study of interactions in chemical systems. J. Comput. Chem. 43, 539 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"70570_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W331","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx312","volume":"45","author":"L Dodda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodda, L. et al. LigParGen web server: an automatic OPLS-AA parameter generator for organic ligands. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, W331\u2013W336 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"70570_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1021\/ci200217w","volume":"51","author":"M Brehm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brehm, M. & Kirchner, B. TRAVIS\u2014a free analyzer and visualizer for monte carlo and molecular dynamics trajectories. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 51, 2007\u20132023 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"70570_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brehm, M., Thomas, M., Gehrke, S. & Kirchner, B. TRAVIS\u2014a free analyzer for trajectories from molecular simulation. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 164105 (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0005078"},{"key":"70570_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","volume":"54","author":"G Kresse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Furthm\u00fcller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169\u201311186 (1996).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"70570_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.558","volume":"47","author":"G Kresse","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals. Phys. Rev. B 47, 558\u2013561 (1993).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"70570_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14251","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.49.14251","volume":"49","author":"G Kresse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal-amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B 49, 14251\u201314269 (1994).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70570-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70570-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70570-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:04:12Z","timestamp":1777593852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70570-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-70570-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3953"}}