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In this study, we investigate ICI-bound T cells in detail using combined sequencing analysis at the single-cell level. By analyzing samples from gastrointestinal cancer patients with or without ICI treatment, we find that Tpex are enriched in proximal lymph nodes (LNs) and proliferate at a high rate after ICI treatment. Importantly, aPD-1 high-bound Tpex in LNs share T-cell receptor clonotypes with intratumoral exhausted CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells (Tex), suggesting their migration to tumor sites after ICI treatment. This study thus provides new insights into how ICIs enhance anti-tumor immunity by acting on Tpex in LNs, deepening our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying ICI therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70751-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:16:17Z","timestamp":1775636177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["PD-1 antibody-bound progenitor-exhausted CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes boost PD-1-blockade anti-tumor immunity in gastrointestinal cancer"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Nose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Yasumizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamami","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Jinushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Momose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2397-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azumi","family":"Ueyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2883-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukinori","family":"Kurokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eiichi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naganari","family":"Ohkura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimon","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Doki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"70751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31827-5","volume":"390","author":"Y-K Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang, Y.-K. et al. 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