{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T21:54:09Z","timestamp":1794434049319,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70840-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:25:12Z","timestamp":1773933912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Membrane interfacial potential governs surface condensation and fibrillation of \u03b1-Synuclein in neurons"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jafarulla","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuhina","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aninda Sundar","family":"Modak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krittika","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetanjali","family":"Meher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aher Jayesh","family":"Bhausaheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimal Archish","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavani Shankar","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5462-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swagata","family":"Ghatak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Choubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"70840_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.7","volume":"18","author":"SF Banani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banani, S. F., Lee, H. O., Hyman, A. A. & Rosen, M. K. Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 285\u2013298 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172046","volume":"324","author":"CP Brangwynne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brangwynne, C. P. et al. Germline P granules are liquid droplets that localize by controlled dissolution\/condensation. Science 324, 1729\u20131732 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.01.013","volume":"57","author":"TJ Nott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nott, T. J. et al. Phase transition of a disordered nuage protein generates environmentally responsive membraneless organelles. Mol. Cell 57, 936\u2013947 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3532","volume":"11","author":"CP Brangwynne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brangwynne, C. P., Tompa, P. & Pappu, R. V. Polymer physics of intracellular phase transitions. Nat. Phys. 11, 899\u2013904 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"70840_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.047","volume":"165","author":"M Feric","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feric, M. et al. Coexisting liquid phases underlie nucleolar subcompartments. Cell 165, 1686\u20131697 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165216","volume":"322","author":"TE Kaiser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaiser, T. E., Intine, R. V. & Dundr, M. De novo formation of a subnuclear body. Science 322, 1713\u20131717 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.015","volume":"163","author":"A Molliex","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molliex, A. et al. Phase separation by low complexity domains promotes stress granule assembly and drives pathological fibrillization. Cell 163, 123\u2013133 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM118.001192","volume":"294","author":"E Gomes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gomes, E. & Shorter, J. The molecular language of membraneless organelles. J. Biol. Chem. 294, 7115\u20137127 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"70840_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, A. et al. Interplay of lipid head group and packing defects in driving amyloid-beta\u2013mediated myelin-like model membrane deformation. J. Biol. Chem. 299, 104653 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104653"},{"key":"70840_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798049","volume":"37","author":"S Wegmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wegmann, S. et al. Tau protein liquid\u2013liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation. EMBO J. 37, e98049 (2018).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"70840_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13056","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c03078","volume":"143","author":"J Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen, J. et al. Conformational expansion of tau in condensates promotes irreversible aggregation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 13056\u201313064 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"70840_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216338120","volume":"120","author":"SK Rai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rai, S. K., Khanna, R., Avni, A. & Mukhopadhyay, S. Heterotypic electrostatic interactions control complex phase separation of tau and prion into multiphasic condensates and co-aggregates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 120, e2216338120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"70840_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-020-0465-9","volume":"12","author":"S Ray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ray, S. et al. \u03b1-Synuclein aggregation nucleates through liquid\u2013liquid phase separation. Nat. Chem. 12, 705\u2013716 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"70840_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601899113","volume":"113","author":"C Galvagnion","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galvagnion, C. et al. Chemical properties of lipids strongly affect the kinetics of the membrane-induced aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 113, 7065\u20137070 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"70840_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. \u03b1-Synuclein condensation in synaptic vesicle function and synucleinopathies. Trends Cell Biol. 36, 57\u201370 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2025.03.007"},{"key":"70840_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9964","volume":"352","author":"X Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su, X. et al. Phase separation of signaling molecules promotes T cell receptor signal transduction. Science 352, 595\u2013599 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6313","volume":"363","author":"LB Case","year":"2019","unstructured":"Case, L. B., Zhang, X., Ditlev, J. A. & Rosen, M. K. Stoichiometry controls activity of phase-separated clusters of actin signaling proteins. Science 363, 1093\u20131097 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.12.007","volume":"73","author":"X Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. RIM and RIM-BP form presynaptic active-zone-like condensates via phase separation. Mol. Cell 73, 971\u2013984 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00882-3","volume":"24","author":"WT Snead","year":"2022","unstructured":"Snead, W. T. et al. Membrane surfaces regulate assembly of ribonucleoprotein condensates. Nat. Cell Biol. 24, 461\u2013470 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00646-5","volume":"23","author":"KJ Day","year":"2021","unstructured":"Day, K. J. et al. Liquid-like protein interactions catalyse assembly of endocytic vesicles. Nat. Cell Biol. 23, 366\u2013376 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1063\/1.434402","volume":"66","author":"JW Cahn","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cahn, J. W. Critical point wetting. J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3667\u20133672 (1977).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"70840_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252884","volume":"344","author":"BG Wilhelm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilhelm, B. G. et al. Composition of isolated synaptic boutons reveals the amounts of vesicle trafficking proteins. Science 344, 1023\u20131028 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1021\/cn3001312","volume":"4","author":"M Rabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rabe, M. et al. On-surface aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein at nanomolar concentrations results in two distinct growth mechanisms. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4, 408\u2013417 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"70840_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.10.011","volume":"96","author":"AP Pandey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandey, A. P., Haque, F., Rochet, J.-C. & Hovis, J. S. Clustering of \u03b1-synuclein on supported lipid bilayers: role of anionic lipid, protein, and divalent ion concentration. Biophys. J. 96, 540\u2013551 (2009).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"70840_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.10.006","volume":"30","author":"J S\u00f6ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00f6ding, J., Zwicker, D., Sohrabi-Jahromi, S., Boehning, M. & Kirschbaum, J. Mechanisms for active regulation of biomolecular condensates. Trends Cell Biol. 30, 4\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, A. R., Lacy, M. M., Ducas, V. C., Rhoades, E. & Sachs, J. N. \u03b1-Synuclein-induced membrane remodeling is driven by binding affinity, partition depth, and interleaflet order asymmetry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 9962-9972 (2014).","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5016958"},{"key":"70840_CR27","unstructured":"Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces (Academic press, 2011)."},{"key":"70840_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103401118","volume":"118","author":"M Rouches","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rouches, M., Veatch, S. L. & Machta, B. B. Surface densities prewet a near-critical membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2103401118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"70840_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152066","volume":"319","author":"T Yeung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yeung, T. et al. Membrane phosphatidylserine regulates surface charge and protein localization. Science 319, 210\u2013213 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00648-8","volume":"13","author":"A Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross, A. et al. Alleviating toxic \u03b1-Synuclein accumulation by membrane depolarization: evidence from an in vitro model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol. Brain 13, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"70840_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0241-0","volume":"13","author":"K Yamada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamada, K. & Iwatsubo, T. Extracellular \u03b1-synuclein levels are regulated by neuronal activity. Mol. Neurodegener. 13, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"70840_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2014.23.4.292","volume":"23","author":"D Snead","year":"2014","unstructured":"Snead, D. & Eliezer, D. Alpha-synuclein function and dysfunction on cellular membranes. Exp. Neurobiol. 23, 292 (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"70840_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00393","volume":"1","author":"A Bhaduri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhaduri, A., Neumann, E. K., Kriegstein, A. R. & Sweedler, J. V. Identification of lipid heterogeneity and diversity in the developing human brain. JACS Au 1, 2261\u20132270 (2021).","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"70840_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01469-7","volume":"10","author":"Y Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu, Y. et al. Increased unsaturated lipids underlie lipid peroxidation in synucleinopathy brain. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 10, 165 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"70840_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.047","volume":"162","author":"A Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel, A. et al. A liquid-to-solid phase transition of the ALS protein FUS accelerated by disease mutation. Cell 162, 1066\u20131077 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32143-0","volume":"13","author":"A Avni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avni, A., Joshi, A., Walimbe, A., Pattanashetty, S. G. & Mukhopadhyay, S. Single-droplet surface-enhanced Raman scattering decodes the molecular determinants of liquid-liquid phase separation. Nat. Commun. 13, 4378 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"70840_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.033","volume":"55","author":"YG Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. G. & Zhang, H. Phase separation in membrane biology: the interplay between membrane-bound organelles and membraneless condensates. Dev. Cell 55, 30\u201344 (2020).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13451","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c04096","volume":"144","author":"T Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, T. et al. Endocytosis of coacervates into liposomes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 13451\u201313455 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"70840_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41709-5","volume":"14","author":"A Mangiarotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mangiarotti, A. et al. Biomolecular condensates modulate membrane lipid packing and hydration. Nat. Commun. 14, 6081 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"70840_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01096-2","volume":"18","author":"V Siahaan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siahaan, V. et al. Microtubule lattice spacing governs cohesive envelope formation of tau family proteins. Nat. Chem. Biol. 18, 1224\u20131235 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84446","volume":"12","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, X., Jia, B., Zhu, S. & Zhang, M. Phase separation-mediated actin bundling by the postsynaptic density condensates. Elife 12, e84446 (2023).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"70840_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, C. et al. Liquid-like condensates that bind actin promote assembly and bundling of actin filaments. Dev. Cell 60, 1550\u20131567.e4 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.01.012"},{"key":"70840_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-021-01462-2","volume":"18","author":"JA Morin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morin, J. A. et al. Sequence-dependent surface condensation of a pioneer transcription factor on DNA. Nat. Phys. 18, 271\u2013276 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"70840_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2407497121","volume":"121","author":"T Wiegand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wiegand, T. et al. Actin polymerization counteracts prewetting of N-WASP on supported lipid bilayers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2407497121 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"70840_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04398","volume":"438","author":"S McLaughlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"McLaughlin, S. & Murray, D. Plasma membrane phosphoinositide organization by protein electrostatics. Nature 438, 605\u2013611 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"70840_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6838","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5699-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"E Emmanouilidou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmanouilidou, E. et al. Cell-produced \u03b1-synuclein is secreted in a calcium-dependent manner by exosomes and impacts neuronal survival. J. Neurosci. 30, 6838\u20136851 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"70840_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06695.x","volume":"113","author":"A Jang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jang, A. et al. Non-classical exocytosis of \u03b1-synuclein is sensitive to folding states and promoted under stress conditions. J. Neurochem. 113, 1263\u20131274 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"70840_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn0356","volume":"8","author":"M Helwig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helwig, M. et al. Neuronal hyperactivity\u2013induced oxidant stress promotes in vivo \u03b1-synuclein brain spreading. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn0356 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"70840_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14087-0","volume":"11","author":"MR King","year":"2020","unstructured":"King, M. R. & Petry, S. Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation. Nat. Commun. 11, 270 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"70840_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-020-01141-8","volume":"17","author":"SU Setru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Setru, S. U. et al. A hydrodynamic instability drives protein droplet formation on microtubules to nucleate branches. Nat. Phys. 17, 493\u2013498 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"70840_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W. et al. Aging-dependent evolving electrochemical potentials of biomolecular condensates regulate their physicochemical activities. Nat. Chem. 17, 756\u2013766 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-025-01762-7"},{"key":"70840_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01046-y","volume":"18","author":"HR Kilgore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kilgore, H. R. & Young, R. A. Learning the chemical grammar of biomolecular condensates. Nat. Chem. Biol. 18, 1298\u20131306 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01432-0","volume":"20","author":"HR Kilgore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kilgore, H. R. et al. Distinct chemical environments in biomolecular condensates. Nat. Chem. Biol. 20, 291\u2013301 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-022-00890-8","volume":"14","author":"JM Iglesias-Artola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iglesias-Artola, J. M. et al. Charge-density reduction promotes ribozyme activity in RNA\u2013peptide coacervates via RNA fluidization and magnesium partitioning. Nat. Chem. 14, 407\u2013416 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"70840_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-024-01717-y","volume":"20","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Wang, Z.-G. & Zare, R. N. Unlocking the electrochemical functions of biomolecular condensates. Nat. Chem. Biol. 20, 1420\u20131433 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.042","volume":"177","author":"DL Dong-yeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong-yeon, D. L. et al. Magnesium flux modulates ribosomes to increase bacterial survival. Cell 177, 352\u2013360 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"70840_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15709","volume":"527","author":"A Prindle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prindle, A. et al. Ion channels enable electrical communication in bacterial communities. nature 527, 59\u201363 (2015).","journal-title":"nature"},{"key":"70840_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl7484","volume":"378","author":"K Kikuchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kikuchi, K. et al. Electrochemical potential enables dormant spores to integrate environmental signals. Science 378, 43\u201349 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"70840_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611357104","volume":"104","author":"T Baumgart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baumgart, T. et al. Large-scale fluid\/fluid phase separation of proteins and lipids in giant plasma membrane vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3165\u20133170 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"70840_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00775-1","volume":"322","author":"W Hoyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoyer, W. et al. Dependence of \u03b1-synuclein aggregate morphology on solution conditions. J. Mol. Biol. 322, 383\u2013393 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"70840_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurnik, M. et al. Potent \u03b1-synuclein aggregation inhibitors, identified by high-throughput screening, mainly target the monomeric state. Cell Chem. Biol. 25, 1389\u20131402. e1389 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.08.005"},{"key":"70840_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olari, L.-R. et al. \u03b1-Synuclein fibrils enhance HIV-1 infection of human T cells, macrophages and microglia. Nat. Commun. 16, 813 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56099-z"},{"key":"70840_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7249","volume":"6","author":"M Saleem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saleem, M. et al. A balance between membrane elasticity and polymerization energy sets the shape of spherical clathrin coats. Nat. Commun. 6, 6249 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"70840_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koiri, D. et al. Real-time visualization reveals Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 disrupts phagosome-like compartment via fibril-mediated vesiculation. Cell Rep. 44, 115328 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115328"},{"key":"70840_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder, K. & Landau, D. P. Wetting and layering in the nearest-neighbor simple-cubic Ising lattice: a Monte Carlo investigation. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter. 37, 1745 (1988).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.37.1745"},{"key":"70840_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke R. J., L\u00fcpfert C. Influence of anions and cations on the dipole potential of phosphatidylcholine vesicles: a basis for the Hofmeister effect. Biophys. J. 76, 2614\u20132624 (1999).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77414-X"},{"key":"70840_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, R. J. & Kane, D. J. Optical detection of membrane dipole potential: avoidance of fluidity and dye-induced effects. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1323, 223\u2013239 (1997).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(96)00188-5"},{"key":"70840_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asawakarn, T., Cladera, J. & O\u2019Shea, P. Effects of the membrane dipole potential on the interaction of saquinavir with phospholipid membranes and plasma membrane receptors of Caco-2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 38457\u201338463 (2001).","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103269200"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70840-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70840-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70840-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:07:35Z","timestamp":1778627255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-70840-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-70840-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4247"}}