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Flesh-eating bacteria secrete collagenases that unwind the collagen triple helix and processively trim Gly\u2013X\u2013Y triplet repeats, yet the molecular basis of this process has remained obscure. Here, cryo-electron microscopy reveals how\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Hathewaya<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    collagenase ColH engages its substrate and exploits the helix\u2019s architecture for catalysis. ColH encircles a single collagen triple helix in a closed-ring conformation and, through dynamic domain motions, dehydrates and destabilises it. The enzyme undergoes substrate-assisted twisting to adopt a rigid ratcheted conformation, in which one chain is bent into a tripeptide-long \u2018bight\u2019 and threaded into the active site for cleavage, while two uncut strands are partitioned to non-catalytic sites. Release of the bight appears to reset the enzyme, with the uncut strands serving as guiding tracks. Repeated cycling between dynamic and rigid states likely enables triplet-by-triplet translocation, allowing ColH to harness collagen\u2019s geometry for processive degradation. These findings reveal a bacterial strategy for collagen unwinding and cleavage distinct from that of mammalian collagenases, highlighting divergent evolutionary solutions for degrading one of nature\u2019s most intractable substrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71099-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:55:59Z","timestamp":1775116559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial collagenase harnesses collagen geometry for processive cleavage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3679-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroya","family":"Oki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuki","family":"Takebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1759-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adjoa","family":"Bonsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0733-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunori","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2116-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehiko","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaki","family":"Koide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0601-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6410-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Sakon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"71099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24176","volume":"6","author":"AL Fidler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fidler, A. 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