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However, there is a need for more scalable tools to reach the 99% of individuals with early cognitive impairment who are not seen in specialist healthcare services. A recent study validated a capillary blood sampling technique to detect the p-tau217 and GFAP biomarkers. Here we used our PROTECT research study to show that these biomarkers, when collected using self-administered fingerprick tests, correlate well with venous blood biomarkers and with cognition and function in 174 people who were cognitively normal or who had mild cognitive impairment or AD. They can be used in combination with computerised cognitive testing to identify people with the highest risk of AD. The GFAP biomarker appears to be associated with vascular risk, unlike p-tau217. Patient feedback indicates high acceptability and usability of the capillary test method, giving confidence in the feasibility of this technology. The work suggests that capillary blood biomarkers could be used to enable triage of people with varying levels of risk of AD in clinical practice and for clinical trials, and could be used outside of clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71448-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:04:38Z","timestamp":1778058278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s Disease blood biomarkers measured through remote capillary sampling correlate with cognition in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Corbett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millie","family":"Sander-Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Vavra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7845-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Sophie","family":"Braun-Wohlfahrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7684-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Montoliu-Gaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4329-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"71448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12134","volume":"324","author":"S Palmqvist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palmqvist, S. et al. Discriminative accuracy of plasma phospho-tau217 for alzheimer's disease vs other neurodegenerative disorders. JAMA 324, 772\u2013781 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"71448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5319","volume":"81","author":"NJ Ashton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashton, N. J. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a plasma phosphorylated tau 217 immunoassay for alzheimer's disease pathology. JAMA Neurol 81, 255\u2013263 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"71448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","volume":"20","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. Jr. et al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 20, 5143\u20135169 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"71448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dubois, B. et al. Alzheimer's disease as a clinical-biological construct: an international working group recommendation.JAMA Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3770 (2024).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3770"},{"key":"71448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02988-7","volume":"30","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. Jr. et al. Revised criteria for the diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Med 30, 2121\u20132124 (2024). Aug.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"71448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cicognola, C. et al. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein detects Alzheimer pathology and predicts future conversion to Alzheimer dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3770 (2021).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3770"},{"key":"71448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sandhu, G. K. et al. Plasma GFAP and pTau-181 Moderate the Relationship between Cognition and White Matter Hyperintensities in a Southeast Asian Non-Demented-at-Risk Cohort. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.091177 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.091177"},{"key":"71448_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Plasma GFAP in Parkinson\u2019s disease with cognitive impairment and its potential to predict conversion to dementia. NPJ Parkinson\u2019s disease, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-023-00447-7 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00447-7"},{"key":"71448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, A. et al. Frontal white matter hyperintensities, clasmatodendrosis and gliovascular abnormalities in ageing and post-stroke dementia. Brain: a journal of neurology, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awv328 (2026).","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv328"},{"key":"71448_CR10","unstructured":"Cook, L. Souris, H. & Isaacs, J. London memory services 2019 audit report. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/london\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/11\/FINAL-London-memory-service-audit-2019.pdf (2019)."},{"key":"71448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001626","volume":"6","author":"R Levy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levy, R. Aging-associated cognitive decline. Working Party of the International Psychogeriatric Association in collaboration with the World Health Organization. Int Psychogeriatr 6, 63\u201368 (1994).","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"71448_CR12","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Developing Drugs for Treatment Guidance for Industry (2018)."},{"key":"71448_CR13","unstructured":"Goldman, D. et al. Key barriers for clinical trials for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (2020)."},{"key":"71448_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70381","volume":"21","author":"S Raghavan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raghavan, S. et al. Plasma NfL and GFAP for predicting VCI and related brain changes in community and clinical cohorts. Alzheimers Dement 21, e70381 (2025). Jun.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"71448_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corbett, A. et al. The computerised PROTECT Cognitive Test System is sensitive to dementia and correlates with Alzheimer-related blood biomarkers. medRXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.10.13.25337742 (2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.13.25337742"},{"key":"71448_CR16","first-page":"e12098","volume":"12","author":"H Brooker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooker, H. et al. FLAME: A computerized neuropsychological composite for trials in early dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring 12, e12098 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring"},{"key":"71448_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04080-0","volume":"32","author":"H Huber","year":"2026","unstructured":"Huber, H. et al. A minimally invasive dried blood spot biomarker test for the detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Nat Med 32, 599\u2013608 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-71448-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-71448-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-71448-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:04:47Z","timestamp":1778058287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-71448-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["71448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-71448-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7860104\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Anne Corbett declares consultancy work for Novartis, Addex, Suven, Sunovion, Janssen, and Acadia pharmaceutical companies and grant funding from Novo Nordisk, ReMynd, Therini Bio pharmaceutical companies. Nicholas Ashton has received consultancy\/speaker fees from Alamar Biosciences, Bioartic, Biogen, Eli-Lilly, Neurogen Biomarking, Roche, Spear Bio, Quanterix, and Vigil Neurosciences. Laia Montoliu-Gaya has received consultancy\/speaker fees from Quanterix and Esteve. Clive Ballard has received consulting fees from Acadia Pharmaceutical Company, AARP, Addex Pharmaceutical Company, Eli Lily, Enterin Pharmaceutical Company, GWPharm, H. Lundbeck Pharmaceutical Company, Novartis Pharmaceutical Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Novo Nordisk Pharmaceutical Company, Orion Corp Pharmaceutical Company, Otsuka America Pharm Inc, Sunovion Pharm. Inc, Suven Pharmaceutical Company, Roche Pharmaceutical Company, Biogen Pharmaceutical Company, Synexus Clinical Research Organization, and tauX Pharmaceutical Company, and research funding from Synexus Clinical Research Organization, Roche Pharmaceutical Company, Novo Nordisk Pharmaceutical Company, and Novartis Pharmaceutical Company. Jeffrey Cummings has provided consultation to Acadia, Acumen, ALZpath, AnnovisBio, Artery, Axsome, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Fosun, GAP Foundation, Hummingbird Diagnostics, IGC, Janssen, Julius Clinical, Kinoxis, Lilly, LSP\/eqt, Merck, MoCA Cognition, Novo Nordisk, NSC Therapeutics, Otsuka, ReMYND, Roche, Scottish Brain Sciences, Signant Health, Simcere, Sinaptica, and T-Neuro pharmaceutical, assessment, and investment companies. He is supported by NIGMS grant P20GM109025; NIA R35AG71476; NIA R25AG083721; NINDS RO1NS139383; Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF); Ted and Maria Quirk Endowment; Joy Chambers-Grundy Endowment. Henrik Zetterberg has served at scientific advisory boards and\/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of CERimmune Therapeutics (outside submitted work). All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3699"}}