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The increasing availability of large-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) datasets enables investigation of parasite genetic diversity, population structure, and the spread of drug resistance. To investigate\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolution, we analyse 17,565 isolates (17,489 previously published; 76 newly sequenced) from 39 countries, using identity-by-descent (IBD) networks, \u00a0population\u00a0structure inference, and selection scans. Analyses reveal distinct patterns of selection, transmission, and drug resistance. Selection analyses identify genomic regions across multiple metrics, encompassing established and emerging drug-resistance loci. These patterns highlight region-specific adaptive processes within Southeast Asia. IBD analyses reveal recent haplotype sharing\u00a0that shows strong local selection. New WGS from Brazil show increased IBD around\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    , consistent with local drug-selection pressures. Similarly, isolates from Vietnam exhibit high relatedness and elevated IBD around\n                    <jats:italic>pfKIC3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with all isolates carrying the\n                    <jats:italic>pfkelch13<\/jats:italic>\n                    C580Y artemisinin\u00a0resistance mutation. Elevated IBD in\n                    <jats:italic>pfKIC7<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pfKIC9<\/jats:italic>\n                    in South America and the Horn of Africa suggests alternative pathways for future artemisinin resistance. Together, these findings highlight the genomic basis of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    adaptation and offer improved resolution for genomic surveillance of evolving parasite populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73006-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:34:26Z","timestamp":1778520866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Global-scale population genetic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum identifies region-specific patterns of malaria parasite adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Billows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1863-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamille G.","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leen","family":"Vanheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7516-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Gitaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin J.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1227-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio R. 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