{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1794715841533,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N0137941\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0137941\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Evolution has given rise to lifespans in extant species ranging from days to centuries. Given that mechanisms of ageing are highly conserved, studying long-lived lineages across the animal kingdom could yield insights relevant for healthy ageing in humans. The long lifespans reported for the\n                    <jats:italic>Heliconius<\/jats:italic>\n                    butterfly genus position it as a promising new model system for such studies, but its potential is limited by a paucity of available data. Here, we collate data from commercial butterfly houses, mark-release-recapture studies, and insectary populations to reveal the evolution of a three-fold lifespan extension in\n                    <jats:italic>Heliconius<\/jats:italic>\n                    over their close relatives in the Heliconiini tribe, with maximum lifespans in some species stretching nearly up to a year. We further demonstrate through captive experiments that this lifespan extension is accompanied by slowed actuarial and physiological ageing. Together, these results establish\n                    <jats:italic>Heliconius<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a powerful model for investigating the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of increased longevity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73635-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:02:54Z","timestamp":1781622174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolution of increased longevity and slowed ageing in a genus of tropical butterfly"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4566-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Foley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josie","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1967-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Made","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cruz","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Mauxion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fletcher J.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Owen","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"73635_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.10.024","volume":"142","author":"SN Austad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Austad, S. N. Methusaleh\u2019s Zoo: How nature provides us with clues for extending human health span. J. Comp. Pathol. 142, S10\u2013S21 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"73635_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristotle. On length and shortness of life. in Parva Naturalia (Oxford University Press, 1955).","DOI":"10.1093\/oseo\/instance.00262290"},{"key":"73635_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12789","volume":"505","author":"OR Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones, O. R. et al. Diversity of ageing across the tree of life. Nature 505, 169\u2013173 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"73635_CR4","unstructured":"Medawar, P.B. An Unsolved Problem of Biology (H.K. Lewis & Co, 1952)."},{"key":"73635_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02911.x","volume":"11","author":"GC Williams","year":"1957","unstructured":"Williams, G. C. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 11, 398 (1957).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"73635_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172539","volume":"328","author":"L Fontana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fontana, L., Partridge, L. & Longo, V. D. Extending healthy life span - from yeast to humans. Science 328, 321\u2013326 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73635_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.46.1.79","volume":"46","author":"JR Carey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carey, J. R. Insect Biodemography. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 46, 79\u2013110 (2001).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"73635_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057987","volume":"292","author":"M Tatar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tatar, M. A mutant Drosophila insulin receptor homolog that extends life-span and impairs neuroendocrine function. Science 292, 107\u2013110 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73635_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101027","volume":"8","author":"ER Lucas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucas, E. R., Privman, E. & Keller, L. Higher expression of somatic repair genes in long-lived ant queens than workers. Aging 8, 1940\u20131951 (2016).","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"73635_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.01102.x","volume":"96","author":"J Beck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beck, J. & Fiedler, K. Adult life spans of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea + Hesperioidea): broadscale contingencies with adult and larval traits in multi-species comparisons. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 96, 166\u2013184 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"73635_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/2989656","volume":"5","author":"PR Ehrlich","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. R. & Gilbert, L. E. Population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly Heliconius ethilla. Biotropica 5, 69\u201382 (1973).","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"73635_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.01.008","volume":"42","author":"F Molleman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molleman, F., Zwaan, B. J., Brakefield, P. M. & Carey, J. R. Extraordinary long life spans in fruit-feeding butterflies can provide window on evolution of life span and aging. Exp. Gerontol. 42, 472\u2013482 (2007).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"73635_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2001)094[0677:LIDYML]2.0.CO;2","volume":"94","author":"JA Powell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Powell, J. A. Longest insect dormancy: Yucca moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) metamorphose after 20, 25, and 30 years in diapause. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94, 677\u2013680 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"73635_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4302.487","volume":"197","author":"H Dunlap-Pianka","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dunlap-Pianka, H., Boggs, C. L. & Gilbert, L. E. Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies: programmed senescence versus eternal youth. Science 197, 487\u2013490 (1977).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73635_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicconardi, F. et al. Evolutionary dynamics of genome size and content during the adaptive radiation of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat. Commun. 14, 5620 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41412-5"},{"key":"73635_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201304","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1304","volume":"287","author":"FJ Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young, F. J. & Montgomery, S. H. Pollen feeding in Heliconius butterflies: the singular evolution of an adaptive suite. Proc. R. Soc. B 287, 20201304 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"73635_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01527.x","volume":"23","author":"CL Boggs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boggs, C. L. Understanding insect life histories and senescence through a resource allocation lens. Funct. Ecol. 23, 27\u201337 (2009).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"73635_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couto, A. et al. Rapid expansion and visual specialisation of learning and memory centres in the brains of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat. Commun. 14, 4024 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.23.509163"},{"key":"73635_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108949","volume":"27","author":"FJ Young","year":"2024","unstructured":"Young, F. J. et al. Enhanced long-term memory and increased mushroom body plasticity in Heliconius butterflies. iScience 27, 108949 (2024).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"73635_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2552","volume":"270","author":"DM O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, D. M., Boggs, C. L. & Fogel, M. L. Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia: isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2631\u20132636 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"73635_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinheiro De Castro, E.C. et al. Pollen-feeding delays reproductive senescence and maintains toxicity of Heliconius erato. Peer Community J. 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24072\/pcjournal.546 (2025).","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.546"},{"key":"73635_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13474","volume":"34","author":"V Ronget","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronget, V. & Gaillard, J. M. Assessing ageing patterns for comparative analyses of mortality curves: Going beyond the use of maximum longevity. Funct. Ecol. 34, 65\u201375 (2020).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"73635_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00861.x","volume":"11","author":"JA Moorad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moorad, J. A., Promislow, D. E. L., Flesness, N. & Miller, R. A. A comparative assessment of univariate longevity measures using zoological animal records. Aging Cell 11, 940\u2013948 (2012).","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"73635_CR24","unstructured":"Bronikowski, A. & Flatt, T. Aging and its demographic measurement. Nat. Educ. Knowl. 1, 1\u20136 (2010)."},{"key":"73635_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B69","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.2.B69","volume":"57","author":"RE Ricklefs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ricklefs, R. E. & Scheuerlein, A. Biological Implications of the Weibull and Gompertz Models of Aging. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 57, B69\u2013B76 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"73635_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg5332","volume":"374","author":"SRR Kolora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kolora, S. R. R. et al. Origins and evolution of extreme life span in Pacific Ocean rockfishes. Science 374, 842\u2013847 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73635_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrero, D. et al. Insights into aging mechanisms from comparative genomics in orange and silver roughies. Sci. Rep. 14, 19748 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70642-w"},{"key":"73635_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00984102","volume":"222","author":"TH Roulston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roulston, T. H. & Cane, J. H. Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals. Plant Syst. Evol. 222, 187\u2013209 (2000).","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"73635_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wro\u0144ska, A.K., Kaczmarek, A., Bogu\u015b, M.I. & Kuna, A. Lipids as a key element of insect defense systems. Front. Genet. 14, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1183659 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1183659"},{"key":"73635_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/80.2.176","volume":"80","author":"JO Schmidt","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. O., Thoenes, S. C. & Levin, M. D. Survival of honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), fed various pollen sources. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80, 176\u2013183 (1987).","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"73635_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2013.06.014","volume":"67","author":"PCJ van Rijn","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Rijn, P. C. J., Kooijman, J. & W\u00e4ckers, F. L. The contribution of floral resources and honeydew to the performance of predatory hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Biol. Control 67, 32\u201338 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"73635_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent95202-2","volume":"95","author":"K Leius","year":"1963","unstructured":"Leius, K. Effects of pollens on fecundity and longevity of adult scambus buolianae (Htg.) (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae). Can. Entomol. 95, 202\u2013207 (1963).","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"73635_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085356","volume":"55","author":"EL Arrese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arrese, E. L. & Soulages, J. L. Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 207\u2013225 (2010).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"73635_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160333","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.0333","volume":"283","author":"L Teulier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teulier, L., Weber, J.-M., Crevier, J. & Darveau, C.-A. Proline as a fuel for insect flight: enhancing carbohydrate oxidation in hymenopterans. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20160333 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"73635_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12119","volume":"26","author":"MZ Cardoso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cardoso, M. Z. & Gilbert, L. E. Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defence in passion vine butterflies. J. Evol. Biol. 26, 1254\u20131260 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"73635_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.6.1403","volume":"69","author":"LE Gilbert","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gilbert, L. E. Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius butterflies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1403\u20131407 (1972).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"73635_CR37","unstructured":"Stearns, S.C. The Evolution of Life Histories (Oxford University Press, 1992)."},{"key":"73635_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/270301a0","volume":"270","author":"TBL Kirkwood","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kirkwood, T. B. L. Evolution of ageing. Nature 270, 301\u2013304 (1977).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"73635_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.43.1.63","volume":"43","author":"S Nylin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nylin, S. & Gotthard, K. Plasticity in life-history traits. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 63\u201383 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"73635_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20152764","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.2764","volume":"283","author":"EM Swanson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Swanson, E. M. et al. Nutrition shapes life-history evolution across species. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20152764 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"73635_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hebberecht, L., Melo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Young, F.J., McMillan, W.O. & Montgomery, S.H. The evolution of adult pollen feeding did not alter postembryonic growth in Heliconius butterflies. Ecol. Evol. 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.8999 (2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8999"},{"key":"73635_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1086\/283753","volume":"117","author":"CL Boggs","year":"1981","unstructured":"Boggs, C. L. Nutritional and Life-History Determinants of Resource Allocation in Holometabolous Insects. Am. Nat. 117, 692\u2013709 (1981).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"73635_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347978","volume":"48","author":"CL Boggs","year":"1981","unstructured":"Boggs, C. L., Smiley, J. T. & Gilbert, L. E. Patterns of pollen exploitation by Heliconius butterflies. Oecologia 48, 284\u2013289 (1981).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"73635_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2004.01381.x","volume":"29","author":"D Rodrigues","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D. & Moreira, G. R. P. Seasonal variation in larval host plants and consequences for Heliconius erato (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) adult body size. Austral Ecol 29, 437\u2013445 (2004).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"73635_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2012.01360.x","volume":"37","author":"JR Walters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walters, J. R., Corbin, C., Hardcastle, T. J. & Jiggins, C. D. Evaluating female remating rates in light of spermatophore degradation in Heliconius butterflies: pupal-mating monandry versus adult-mating polyandry. Ecol. Entomol. 37, 257\u2013268 (2012).","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"73635_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2437","volume":"270","author":"C Wiklund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wiklund, C., Gotthard, K. & Nylin, S. Mating system and the evolution of sex-specific mortality rates in two nymphalid butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B 270, 1823\u20131828 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"73635_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019219","volume":"6","author":"S Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo, S., Li, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, D. & Renner, S. S. Gelechiidae moths are capable of chemically dissolving the pollen of their host plants: first documented sporopollenin breakdown by an animal. PLoS ONE 6, e19219 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"73635_CR48","first-page":"65","volume":"48","author":"LP Brower","year":"1963","unstructured":"Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. & Collins, C. T. Experimental studies of mimicry. 7. Relative palatability and Mullerian mimicry among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae. Zoologica 48, 65\u201384 (1963).","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"73635_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.02.006","volume":"34","author":"J Moorad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moorad, J., Promislow, D. & Silvertown, J. Evolutionary ecology of senescence and a reassessment of Williams\u2019 \u2018Extrinsic Mortality\u2019 hypothesis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 519\u2013530 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"73635_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiggins, C. The passion: niche differentiation, coexistence, and coevolution. in The Ecology and Evolution of Heliconius Butterflies (Oxford University Press, 2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199566570.001.0001"},{"key":"73635_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8546","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911999117","volume":"117","author":"JF Lema\u00eetre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lema\u00eetre, J. F. et al. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across wild mammals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 8546\u20138553 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"73635_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190922","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0922","volume":"16","author":"AK Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis, A. K., Smith, F. M. & Ballew, A. M. A poor substitute for the real thing: captive-reared monarch butterflies are weaker, paler and have less elongated wings than wild migrants. Biol. Lett. 16, 20190922 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"73635_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2005.01024.x","volume":"19","author":"SP Lailvaux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lailvaux, S. P., Hathway, J., Pomfret, J. & Knell, R. J. Horn size predicts physical performance in the beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Funct. Ecol. 19, 632\u2013639 (2005).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"73635_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S194543","volume":"14","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bohannon, R. W. Grip strength: an indispensable biomarker for older adults. Clin. Interv. Aging 14, 1681\u20131691 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"73635_CR55","unstructured":"Sohal, R.S. Aging in Insects. in Biochemistry (Pergamon, 1985)."},{"key":"73635_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foley, J. 2026. Cognitive robustness in a new insect model of extended longevity. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.25.701637 (2026).","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.25.701637"},{"key":"73635_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e1sztor, K. et al. Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population. Ecol. Evol. 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.9668 (2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9668"},{"key":"73635_CR58","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2023)."},{"key":"73635_CR59","unstructured":"Therneau, T.M. A Package for Survival Analysis in R. (2023)."},{"key":"73635_CR60","unstructured":"Therneau, T.M. Coxme: Mixed Effects Cox Models. (2022)."},{"key":"73635_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v070.i08","volume":"70","author":"C Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson, C. flexsurv: A platform for parametric survival modeling in R. J. Stat. Softw. 70, 1\u201333 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"73635_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00186.x","volume":"3","author":"F Colchero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colchero, F., Jones, O. R. & Rebke, M. BaSTA: an R package for Bayesian estimation of age-specific survival from incomplete mark-recapture\/recovery data with covariates. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 466\u2013470 (2012).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"73635_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16505","volume":"12","author":"LJ Revell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Revell, L. J. phytools 2.0: an updated R ecosystem for phylogenetic comparative methods (and other things). PeerJ. 12, e16505 (2024).","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"73635_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"73635_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12029","volume":"27","author":"AD Hayward","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayward, A. D. et al. Reproductive senescence in female Soay sheep: variation across traits and contributions of individual ageing and selective disappearance. Funct. Ecol. 27, 184\u2013195 (2013).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"73635_CR66","first-page":"133","volume":"71","author":"RR Seixas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seixas, R. R., Santos, S. E., Okada, Y. & Freitas, A. V. L. Population biology of the sand forest specialist butterfly heliconius hermathena hermathena (Hewitson) (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Central Amazonia. J. Lepid. Soc. 71, 133\u2013140 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Lepid. Soc."},{"key":"73635_CR67","unstructured":"Kelson, R. Searching for Methuselah: Butterfly Longevity Revisited.In Proceedings of the 2008 Invertebrates in Education and Conservation Conference 51\u201357 (Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, 2008)."},{"key":"73635_CR68","first-page":"41","volume":"57","author":"KS Brown","year":"1972","unstructured":"Brown, K. S. The heliconians of Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part III. Ecology and biology of Heliconius nattereri, a key primitive species near extinction, and comments on the evolutionary development of Heliconius and Eueides. Zoologica 57, 41\u201369 (1972).","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"73635_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1980.tb00845.x","volume":"70","author":"JLB Mallet","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mallet, J. L. B. & Jackson, D. A. The ecology and social behaviour of the Neotropical butterfly Heliconius xanthocles Bates in Colombia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 70, 1\u201313 (1980).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"73635_CR70","first-page":"215","volume":"11","author":"MA Menac\u00e9 Almea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menac\u00e9 Almea, M. A., Belezaca, C. & Lara Valarezo, M. A. An\u00e1lisis en condiciones semicontroladas de la biolog\u00eda del gusano defoliador (Dione juno juno) de la maracuy\u00e1 (Passiflora edulis), en el litoral del Ecuador. Rev. Univ. Soc. 11, 215\u2013219 (2019).","journal-title":"Rev. Univ. Soc."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73635-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73635-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73635-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:17:01Z","timestamp":1782915421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73635-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-73635-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5077"}}