{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:55:28Z","timestamp":1793418928356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HL159521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HL159521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30069619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30069619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006458","name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010475","name":"American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"NSF | Directorate for Education & Human Resources | Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE 1845298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE 1845298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"NSF | Directorate for Education & Human Resources | Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE 1845298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE 1845298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania University Scholars Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73680-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:04:07Z","timestamp":1781687047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A translational approach to airway reconstruction leveraging decellularized meniscus and cartilage progenitor cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Gehret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1850-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohelia","family":"Ali Akbari Ghavimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2051-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Borek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8871-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-5548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian N.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Gottardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"73680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00775-z","volume":"41","author":"ES Haidari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haidari, E. S. et al. Hospital variation in admissions to neonatal intensive care units by diagnosis severity and category. J. Perinatol. 41, 468\u2013477 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"73680_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.01.014","volume":"71","author":"R Leung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leung, R. & Berkowitz, R. G. Incidence of severe acquired subglottic stenosis in newborns. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 71, 763\u2013768 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F349","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312962","volume":"103","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomas, R. E., Rao, S. C., Minutillo, C., Vijayasekaran, S. & Nathan, E. A. Severe acquired subglottic stenosis in neonatal intensive care graduates: A case\u2013control study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103, F349\u2013F354 (2018).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"73680_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27445","volume":"129","author":"K Balakrishnan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, K. et al. Outcome measures for pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction: International consensus statement. Laryngoscope 129, 244\u2013255 (2019).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1994.01880300055008","volume":"120","author":"CJ MacArthur","year":"1994","unstructured":"MacArthur, C. J., Kearns, G. H. & Healy, G. B. Voice quality after laryngotracheal reconstruction. Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg. 120, 641\u2013647 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(00)00360-8","volume":"54","author":"BEJ Hartley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hartley, B. E. J., Rutter, M. J. & Cotton, R. T. Cricotracheal resection as a primary procedure for laryngotracheal stenosis in children. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 54, 133\u2013136 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"French, N. et al. Voice abnormalities at school age in children born extremely preterm. Pediatrics 131 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-0817 (2013).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0817"},{"key":"73680_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1495564","volume":"12","author":"MM Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, M. M. & Cotton, R. T. Diagnosis and management of laryngotracheal stenosis. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 12, 709\u2013717 (2018).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"73680_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.09.027","volume":"54","author":"J Redondo-Sedano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Redondo-Sedano, J. et al. Laryngeal stenosis in children: types, grades and treatment strategies. J. Pediatr. Surg. 54, 1933\u20131937 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2005.08.012","volume":"20","author":"S Baker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baker, S. et al. Pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis and airway reconstruction: a review of voice outcomes, assessment, and treatment issues. J. Voice 20, 631\u2013641 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"73680_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328358566d","volume":"20","author":"MT Brigger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brigger, M. T. & Boseley, M. E. Management of tracheal stenosis. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 20, 491\u2013496 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110687","volume":"145","author":"PKF Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung, P. K. F., Koh, H. L. & Cheng, A. T. L. Complications and outcomes following open laryngotracheal reconstruction: a 15 year experience at an Australian paediatric tertiary referral centre. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 145, 110687 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.06.012","volume":"78","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K., Monnier, P., Holtz, F. & Jaquet, Y. Laryngotracheal reconstruction for pediatric glotto-subglottic stenosis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 78, 1476\u20131479 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26151","volume":"127","author":"S Lewis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewis, S., Earley, M., Rosenfeld, R. & Silverman, J. Systematic review for surgical treatment of adult and adolescent laryngotracheal stenosis. Laryngoscope 127, 191\u2013198 (2017).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416656646","volume":"125","author":"T Chiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiang, T., Pepper, V., Best, C., Onwuka, E. & Breuer, C. K. Clinical translation of tissue engineered trachea grafts. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 125, 873\u2013885 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20700","volume":"119","author":"M Weidenbecher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weidenbecher, M., Tucker, H. M., Gilpin, D. A. & Dennis, J. E. Tissue-engineered trachea for airway reconstruction. Laryngoscope 119, 2118\u20132123 (2009).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0318-1","volume":"39","author":"LM Ott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ott, L. M., Weatherly, R. A. & Detamore, M. S. Overview of tracheal tissue engineering: clinical need drives the laboratory approach. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39, 2091\u20132113 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"73680_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.938631","volume":"14","author":"JM Fishman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fishman, J. M. et al. Airway tissue engineering: an update. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 14, 1477\u20131491 (2014).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"73680_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.10.012","volume":"91","author":"JX Law","year":"2016","unstructured":"Law, J. X., Liau, L. L., Aminuddin, B. S. & Ruszymah, B. H. I. Tissue-engineered trachea: a review. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 91, 55\u201363 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"73680_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2018.03.01","volume":"7","author":"PW Furlow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Furlow, P. W. & Mathisen, D. J. Surgical anatomy of the trachea. Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg. 7, 255\u2013260 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.060","volume":"34","author":"X Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo, X. et al. Long-term functional reconstruction of segmental tracheal defect by pedicled tissue-engineered trachea in rabbits. Biomaterials 34, 3336\u20133344 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"73680_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24739","volume":"124","author":"MC Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones, M. C. et al. Defining the biomechanical properties of the rabbit trachea. Laryngoscope 124, 2352\u20132358 (2014).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603515623030","volume":"7","author":"MB Fisher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fisher, M. B. et al. Effects of mesenchymal stem cell and growth factor delivery on cartilage repair in a mini-pig model. Cartilage 7, 174\u2013184 (2016).","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"73680_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25676","volume":"126","author":"IN Jacobs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jacobs, I. N. et al. Pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction with tissue-engineered cartilage in a rabbit model. Laryngoscope 126, S5\u2013S21 (2016).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.033","volume":"8","author":"IE Erickson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erickson, I. E. et al. High mesenchymal stem cell seeding densities in hyaluronic acid hydrogels produce engineered cartilage with native tissue properties. Acta Biomater. 8, 3027\u20133034 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"73680_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac3acb","volume":"14","author":"JH Galarraga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galarraga, J. H. et al. Fabrication of MSC-laden composites of hyaluronic acid hydrogels reinforced with MEW scaffolds for cartilage repair. Biofabrication 14, 1758\u20135090 (2022).","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"73680_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau0670","volume":"10","author":"SE Gullbrand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gullbrand, S. E. et al. Long-term mechanical function and integration of an implanted tissue-engineered intervertebral disc. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, 1\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"73680_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815605492","volume":"153","author":"TA Goldstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldstein, T. A., Smith, B. D., Zeltsman, D., Grande, D. & Smith, L. P. Introducing a 3-dimensionally printed, tissue-engineered graft for airway reconstruction: a pilot study. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 153, 1001\u20131006 (2015).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00895","volume":"121","author":"R Whitaker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whitaker, R., Hernaez-Estrada, B., Hernandez, R. M., Santos-Vizcaino, E. & Spiller, K. L. Immunomodulatory biomaterials for tissue repair. Chem. Rev. 121, 11305\u201311335 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"73680_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1161-y","volume":"43","author":"GD DuRaine","year":"2015","unstructured":"DuRaine, G. D., Brown, W. E., Hu, J. C. & Athanasiou, K. A. Emergence of scaffold-free approaches for tissue engineering musculoskeletal cartilages. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 43, 543\u2013554 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"73680_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.23354","volume":"2","author":"S Herberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herberg, S. et al. High-density human mesenchymal stem cell rings with spatiotemporally-controlled morphogen presentation as building blocks for engineering bone diaphyseal tissue. Nanotheranostics 2, 128\u2013143 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"73680_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dikina, A. D. et al. A modular strategy to engineer complex tissues and organs. Adv. Sci. 5 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.201700402 (2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700402"},{"key":"73680_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20750","volume":"120","author":"DA Gilpin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilpin, D. A., Weidenbecher, M. S. & Dennis, J. E. Scaffold-free, tissue engineered cartilage implants for laryngotracheal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 120, 612\u2013617 (2010).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.12.004","volume":"31","author":"KEM Benders","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benders, K. E. M. et al. Extracellular matrix scaffolds for cartilage and bone regeneration. Trends Biotechnol. 31, 169\u2013176 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"73680_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.12.012","volume":"32","author":"CW Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng, C. W., Solorio, L. D. & Alsberg, E. Decellularized tissue and cell-derived extracellular matrices as scaffolds for orthopaedic tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Adv. 32, 462\u2013484 (2014).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"73680_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10110","volume":"4","author":"YS Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, Y. S., Majid, M., Melchiorri, A. J. & Mikos, A. G. Applications of decellularized extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Bioeng. Transl. Med. 4, 83\u201395 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"73680_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.11.043","volume":"47","author":"SR Oungoulian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oungoulian, S. R. et al. Effect of glutaraldehyde fixation on the frictional response of immature bovine articular cartilage explants. J. Biomech. 47, 694\u2013701 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"73680_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.2009.91","volume":"11","author":"RWH Kridel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kridel, R. W. H., Ashoori, F., Liu, E. S. & Hart, C. G. Long-term use and follow-up of irradiated homologous costal cartilage grafts in the nose. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 11, 378\u2013394 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199901000-00042","volume":"103","author":"WP Adams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adams, W. P., Rohrich, R. J., Gunter, J. P., Clark, C. P. & Robinson, J. B. The rate of warping in irradiated and nonirradiated homograft rib cartilage: a controlled comparison and clinical implications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 103, 265\u2013270 (1999).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.2012.24.3.137","volume":"24","author":"SR Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, S. R., Kim, J. G. & Nam, S. W. The tips and pitfalls of meniscus allograft transplantation. Knee Surg. Relat. Res. 24, 137\u2013145 (2012).","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"73680_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9699-8","volume":"13","author":"Z Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Godkin, O. & Schulze-Tanzil, G. The challenge in using mesenchymal stromal cells for recellularization of decellularized cartilage. Stem Cell Rev. Reports 13, 50\u201367 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Reports"},{"key":"73680_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035012","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab1436","volume":"11","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehmann, J. et al. Recellularization of auricular cartilage via elastase-generated channels. Biofabrication 11, 035012 (2019).","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"73680_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110139","volume":"105","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Decellularized cartilage matrix scaffolds with laser-machined micropores for cartilage regeneration and articular cartilage repair. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 105, 110139 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"73680_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1126-1","volume":"43","author":"YS Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin, Y. S. et al. Tissue-engineered tracheal reconstruction using mesenchymal stem cells seeded on a porcine cartilage powder scaffold. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 43, 1003\u20131013 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"73680_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55243-2","volume":"9","author":"V Vetri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vetri, V. et al. Advanced microscopy analysis of the micro-nanoscale architecture of human menisci. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201313 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73680_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705337","volume":"408","author":"WW H\u00f6pker","year":"1986","unstructured":"H\u00f6pker, W. W., Angres, G., Klingel, K., Komitowski, D. & Schuchardt, E. Changes of the elastin compartment in the human meniscus. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 408, 575\u2013592 (1986).","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol."},{"key":"73680_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0314-3","volume":"7","author":"JC Bernhard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernhard, J. C. & Vunjak-Novakovic, G. Should we use cells, biomaterials, or tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration?. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 7, 3\u201311 (2016).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"73680_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10865","volume":"7","author":"AJ Cote","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cote, A. J. et al. Single-cell differences in matrix gene expression do not predict matrix deposition. Nat. Commun. 7, 10865 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"73680_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2014.12.003","volume":"2","author":"S Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, S., Fu, P., Cong, R., Wu, H. S. & Pei, M. Strategies to minimize hypertrophy in cartilage engineering and regeneration. Genes Dis. 2, 76\u201395 (2015).","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"73680_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.02.064","volume":"34","author":"VV Meretoja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meretoja, V. V., Dahlin, R. L., Wright, S., Kasper, F. K. & Mikos, A. G. The effect of hypoxia on the chondrogenic differentiation of co-cultured articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds. Biomaterials 34, 4266\u20134273 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"73680_CR51","first-page":"22","volume":"1","author":"S Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali, S. et al. Human cartilage progenitor cells from ear, nose, rib, and joint have a robust, stable phenotype for cartilage repair. bioRxiv 1, 22 (2022).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"73680_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014","volume":"27","author":"TW Gilbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilbert, T. W., Sellaro, T. L. & Badylak, S. F. Decellularization of tissues and organs. Biomaterials 27, 3675\u20133683 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"73680_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.050","volume":"30","author":"BD Elder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elder, B. D., Eleswarapu, S. V. & Athanasiou, K. A. Extraction techniques for the decellularization of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs. Biomaterials 30, 3749\u20133756 (2009).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"73680_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0705","volume":"18","author":"S Schwarz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarz, S. et al. Decellularized cartilage matrix as a novel biomatrix for cartilage tissue-engineering applications. Tissue Eng. Part A 18, 2195\u20132209 (2012).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"73680_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013246","volume":"5","author":"R Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams, R. et al. Identification and clonal characterisation of a progenitor cell sub-population in normal human articular cartilage. PLoS ONE 5, e13246 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"73680_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0510","volume":"24","author":"DE Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson, D. E., Markway, B. D., Weekes, K. J., McCarthy, H. E. & Johnstone, B. Physioxia promotes the articular chondrocyte-like phenotype in human chondroprogenitor-derived self-organized tissue. Tissue Eng. Part A 24, 264\u2013274 (2018).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"73680_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2631::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"42","author":"K Nishimura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nishimura, K. et al. Chondroprogenitor cells of synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 42, 2631\u20132637 (1999).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"73680_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.9.1048","volume":"130","author":"SH Kamil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamil, S. H., Eavey, R. D., Vacanti, M. P., Vacanti, C. A. & Hartnick, C. J. Tissue-engineered cartilage as a graft source for laryngotracheal reconstruction: a pig model. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 130, 1048\u20131051 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31811434ae","volume":"117","author":"M Weidenbecher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weidenbecher, M. et al. Hyaluronan-based scaffolds to tissue-engineer cartilage implants for laryngotracheal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 117, 1745\u20131749 (2007).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"73680_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811419083","volume":"145","author":"P Lange","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lange, P., Fishman, J. M., Elliott, M. J., De Coppi, P. & Birchall, M. A. What can regenerative medicine offer for infants with laryngotracheal agenesis?. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 145, 544\u2013550 (2011).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61598-6","volume":"372","author":"P Macchiarini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macchiarini, P. et al. Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway. Lancet. 372, 2023\u20132030 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"73680_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jungebluth, P. et al. Tracheobronchial transplantation with a stem-cell-seeded bioartificial nanocomposite: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet 378, 1997\u20132004 (2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61715-7"},{"key":"73680_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0256","volume":"13","author":"JH Henderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henderson, J. H. et al. Cartilage tissue engineering for laryngotracheal reconstruction: Comparison of chondrocytes from three anatomic locations in the rabbit. Tissue Eng. 13, 843\u2013853 (2007).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"73680_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22136","volume":"54","author":"K Pelttari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pelttari, K. et al. Premature induction of hypertrophy during in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells correlates with calcification and vascular invasion after ectopic transplantation in SCID mice. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3254\u20133266 (2006).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"73680_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23370","volume":"58","author":"MB Mueller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mueller, M. B. & Tuan, R. S. Functional characterization of hypertrophy in chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 1377\u20131388 (2008).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"73680_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.11.027","volume":"103","author":"E Martinod","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinod, E. et al. Vivo tissue engineering of human airways. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 103, 1631\u20131640 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.07.008","volume":"61","author":"V Lefebvre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lefebvre, V., Angelozzi, M. & Haseeb, A. SOX9 in cartilage development and disease. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 61, 39\u201347 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"73680_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.6.732","volume":"130","author":"RG Elluru","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elluru, R. G. & Whitsett, J. A. Potential role of Sox9 in patterning tracheal cartilage ring formation in an embryonic mouse model. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 130, 732\u2013736 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.585640","volume":"8","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshida, T., Matsuda, M. & Hirashima, T. Incoherent feedforward regulation via Sox9 and ERK underpins mouse tracheal cartilage development. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 1\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"73680_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"IG Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, I. G. et al. Transplantation of a 3D-printed tracheal graft combined with iPS cell-derived MSCs and chondrocytes. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73680_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sju117","volume":"35","author":"K Varadharajan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Varadharajan, K., Sethukumar, P., Anwar, M. & Patel, K. Complications associated with the use of autologous costal cartilage in rhinoplasty: a systematic review. Aesthetic Surg. J. 35, 644\u2013652 (2015).","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"73680_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.2010.44","volume":"12","author":"DH Jung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jung, D. H. et al. Pressure necrosis of septal cartilage associated with bilateral extended spreader grafts in rhinoplasty. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 12, 257\u2013262 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"73680_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/35.7.1472","volume":"35","author":"JGN De Jong","year":"1989","unstructured":"De Jong, J. G. N., Wevers, R. A., Laarakkers, C. & Poorthuis, B. J. H. M. Dimethylmethylene blue-based spectrophotometry of glycosaminoglycans in untreated urine: A rapid screening procedure for mucopolysaccharidoses. Clin. Chem. 35, 1472\u20131477 (1989).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"73680_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2020.0211","volume":"26","author":"JM Townsend","year":"2020","unstructured":"Townsend, J. M., Weatherly, R. A., Johnson, J. K. & Detamore, M. S. Standardization of microcomputed tomography for tracheal tissue engineering analysis. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 26, 590\u2013595 (2020).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73680-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73680-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73680-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:04:18Z","timestamp":1781687058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-73680-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-73680-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"RG and PG are inventors on a patent application (US202063005762, 2020) related to meniscus decellularization and its uses thereof. All other authors declare no competing interests. The authors confirm that none of the affiliations listed directly benefits from this research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4883"}}