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Here we show that climate change increases plant reliance on soil N reserves despite intensive fertilization. Using a two-year\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N-tracing experiment combining elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , warming, and drought in a montane grassland, we found that plants obtained 82\u201388% of their N from soil and acquired 4.6\u20137.3 times more N from soil than from fertilizer despite high N inputs. Elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and warming increased plant uptake of soil-derived N but not fertilizer N. Consequently, plant N export exceeded fertilizer inputs, causing ecosystem N deficits and depletion of soil N stocks, with the strongest soil N mining under combined elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and warming. Our findings reveal that climate change accelerates biological mining of soil N reserves, potentially constraining the long-term sustainability of intensively managed agroecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75147-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:41:52Z","timestamp":1783510912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elevated CO2 and warming intensify plant reliance on soil nitrogen reserves despite intensive fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longlong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Butterbach-Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Dannenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Scheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5989-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine K.","family":"Ruehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schloter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Kiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"75147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0958-3","volume":"3","author":"J Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. 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