{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T01:26:25Z","timestamp":1787102785717,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013408","name":"United States Department of Commerce | NOAA | National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA21OAR4310254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA21OAR4310254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In marine ecosystems, critical services like fish production, carbon export, or the delivery of nutrients through N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -fixation rely heavily on the size spectrum of pelagic organisms, particularly mesoplankton (200-20,000\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n                    m). However, the linkages between environmental factors and mesoplankton spectral biogeography remain largely unresolved, as so far only limited datasets exist to understand the large-scale shifts in mesoplankton size. Using global compilations of Rhizarian, colonial N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -fixer, and Crustacean images, we reveal the role of iron in shaping the size structure and related biogeography of these groups. Our findings underscore the importance of atmospheric sources of iron for N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -fixers and Rhizarians while total iron, accounting for organic and inorganic compounds, appeared to explain a high percentage of the variance in Crustacean size structure via apparent recycling. Using environmental explanatory variables, our models reached high R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (0.93, 0.88, and 0.79 respectively), providing robust predictions of mesoplankton size structure related to elemental cycling and ecosystem services. Our results suggest that without compensatory mechanisms, future increases in global temperatures could have negative effects on mesoplankton size, possibly limiting carbon export from the productive layers to sequestration depth, that might be offset by expected increases in iron inputs that benefit N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -fixers, Rhizarians, and eventually Crustaceans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75355-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T11:36:51Z","timestamp":1784029011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Key link between iron and the size structure of three major mesoplanktonic groups in the upper ocean"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9316-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Dugenne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Corrales-Ugalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Y.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Stemmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4920-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Olivier","family":"Irisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"PSSdb data contributors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Picheral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M. P.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00e9","family":"M\u00e9riguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Vilain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Tilliette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagib","family":"Bhairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thelma","family":"Pana\u00efotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Noyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Guieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Cornils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Romagnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Grandr\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Carlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Lescot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Riquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Jalabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Elineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Desnos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Hauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Taucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Niehoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Huggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Kiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"75355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1972.17.3.0327","volume":"17","author":"RW Sheldon","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sheldon, R. W., Prakash, A. & Sutcliffe, W. H. Jr. The size distribution of particles in the Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 327\u2013340 (1972).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02207862","volume":"30","author":"T Platt","year":"1977","unstructured":"Platt, T. & Denman, K. Organisation in the pelagic ecosystem. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 30, 575\u2013581 (1977).","journal-title":"Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters."},{"key":"75355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0240","volume":"6","author":"OL Petchey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petchey, O. L. & Belgrano, A. Body-size distributions and size-spectra: universal indicators of ecological status? Biol. Lett. 6, 434\u2013437 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"75355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.03.008","volume":"28","author":"R Trebilco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trebilco, R., Baum, J. K., Salomon, A. K. & Dulvy, N. K. Ecosystem ecology: size-based constraints on the pyramids of life. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 423\u2013431 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"75355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GB006158","volume":"33","author":"S Henson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henson, S., Le Moigne, F. & Giering, S. Drivers of carbon export efficiency in the Global Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 33, 891\u2013903 (2019).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"75355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021GB007275","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GB007275","volume":"36","author":"C Serra-Pompei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serra-Pompei, C. et al. Linking plankton size spectra and community composition to carbon export and its efficiency. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 36, e2021GB007275 (2022).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"75355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1139\/f77-314","volume":"34","author":"RW Sheldon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sheldon, R. W., Sutcliffe, W. H. Jr. & Paranjape, M. A. Structure of pelagic food chain and relationship between plankton and fish production. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34, 2344\u20132353 (1977).","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"75355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711777105","volume":"105","author":"RR Rykaczewski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rykaczewski, R. R. & Checkley, D. M. Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105, 1965\u20131970 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.5.2190","volume":"52","author":"E Maran\u00f3n","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maran\u00f3n, E., Cerme\u00f3o, P., Rodr\u00edguez, J., Zubkov, M. V. & Harris, R. P. Scaling of phytoplankton photosynthesis and cell size in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 2190\u20132198 (2007).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E118","DOI":"10.1086\/675241","volume":"183","author":"T Ki\u00f8rboe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ki\u00f8rboe, T. & Hirst, A. G. Shifts in mass scaling of respiration, feeding, and growth rates across life-form transitions in marine pelagic organisms.  Am. Nat. 183, E118\u2013E130 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"75355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.2.0395","volume":"39","author":"B Hansen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hansen, B., Bjornsen, P. K. & Hansen, P. J. The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 395\u2013403 (1994).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10156","volume":"60","author":"K Stamieszkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stamieszkin, K. et al. Size as the master trait in modeled copepod fecal pellet carbon flux. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60, 2090\u20132107 (2015).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233855","volume":"50","author":"S Uye","year":"1994","unstructured":"Uye, S. & Kaname, K. Relations between fecal pellet volume and body size for major zooplankters of the Inland Sea of Japan. J. Oceanogr. 50, 43\u201349 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-018-3505-3","volume":"813","author":"JA Chindia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chindia, J. A. & Figueredo, C. C. Phytoplankton settling depends on cell morphological traits, but what is the best predictor? Hydrobiologia 813, 51\u201361 (2018).","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"75355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-122414-034144","volume":"8","author":"KH Andersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersen, K. H. et al. Characteristic sizes of life in the oceans, from bacteria to whales. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 8, 217\u2013241 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.12.003","volume":"32","author":"JL Blanchard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blanchard, J. L., Heneghan, R. F., Everett, J. D., Trebilco, R. & Richardson, A. J. From bacteria to whales: using functional size spectra to model marine ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32, 174\u2013186 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"75355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatton, I. A., Heneghan, R. F., Bar-On, Y. M. & Galbraith, E. D. The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh3732 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3732"},{"key":"75355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heneghan, R. F., Hatton, I. A. & Galbraith, E. D. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems through the lens of the size spectrum. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 3, 233\u2013243 (2019).","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20190042"},{"key":"75355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24299-y","volume":"12","author":"JJ Pierella Karlusich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierella Karlusich, J. J. et al. Global distribution patterns of marine nitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods. Nat. Commun. 12, 4160 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94615-5","volume":"11","author":"MC Brand\u00e3o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, M. C. et al. Macroscale patterns of oceanic zooplankton composition and size structure. Sci. Rep. 11, 15714 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12063","volume":"16","author":"AD Barton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barton, A. D. et al. The biogeography of marine plankton traits. Ecol. Lett. 16, 522\u2013534 (2013).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"75355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pana\u00efotis, T. et al. Three major mesoplanktonic communities resolved by in situ imaging in the upper 500 m of the global ocean. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 32, 1991\u20132005 (2023).","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13741"},{"key":"75355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01058-6","volume":"12","author":"D Atkinson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Atkinson, D. & Sibly, R. M. Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 235\u2013239 (1997).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"75355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12688","volume":"19","author":"P Brun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brun, P., Payne, M. R. & Ki\u00f8rboe, T. Trait biogeography of marine copepods \u2013 an analysis across scales. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1403\u20131413 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"75355_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrightson, L. & Tagliabue, A. Quantifying the impact of climate change on marine diazotrophy: insights from Earth system models. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 635 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00635"},{"key":"75355_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0340-5","volume":"13","author":"E Faure","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faure, E. et al. Mixotrophic protists display contrasted biogeographies in the global ocean. ISME J. 13, 1072\u20131083 (2019).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"75355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47651-4","volume":"15","author":"M Laget","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laget, M. et al. Global census of the significance of giant mesopelagic protists to the marine carbon and silicon cycles. Nat. Commun. 15, 3341 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75355_CR28","first-page":"2109","volume":"290","author":"M Beck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beck, M. et al. Morphological diversity increases with decreasing resources along a zooplankton time series. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 290, 2109 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11672","volume":"66","author":"L Vilgrain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vilgrain, L. et al. Trait-based approach using in situ copepod images reveals contrasting ecological patterns across an Arctic ice melt zone. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 1155\u20131167 (2021).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy090","volume":"75","author":"T Ki\u00f8rboe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ki\u00f8rboe, T., Visser, A. & Andersen, K. H. A trait-based approach to ocean ecology. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 75, 1849\u20131863 (2018).","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbt019","volume":"35","author":"E Litchman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Litchman, E., Ohman, M. D. & Ki\u00f8rboe, T. Trait-based approaches to zooplankton communities. J. Plankton Res. 35, 473\u2013484 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"75355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10251","volume":"61","author":"MD Ohman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohman, M. D. & Romagnan, J.-B. Nonlinear effects of body size and optical attenuation on Diel Vertical Migration by zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 61, 765\u2013770 (2016).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01117.x","volume":"10","author":"E Litchman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Litchman, E., Klausmeier, C. A., Schofield, O. M. & Falkowski, P. G. The role of functional traits and trade-offs in structuring phytoplankton communities: scaling from cellular to ecosystem level. Ecol. Lett. 10, 1170\u20131181 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"75355_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11655","volume":"66","author":"S Martini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martini, S. et al. Functional trait-based approaches as a common framework for aquatic ecologists. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 965\u2013994 (2021).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12101","volume":"67","author":"EC Orenstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orenstein, E. C. et al. Machine learning techniques to characterize functional traits of plankton from image data. Limnol. Oceanogr. 67, 1647\u20131669 (2022).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard, F. et al. Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 196 (2019).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00196"},{"key":"75355_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23058","DOI":"10.1590\/2675-2824071.23109rk","volume":"71","author":"R Kiko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiko, R., Lopes, R. M., Soviadan, Y. D. & Stemmann, L. Towards a distributed and operational pelagic imaging network. Ocean Coast. Res. 71, e23058 (2023).","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Res."},{"key":"75355_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21058","volume":"543","author":"A Tagliabue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tagliabue, A. et al. The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry. Nature 543, 51\u201359 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75355_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.3390\/su11185038","volume":"11","author":"L-C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L.-C. & Jia-Yuh, Y. Dynamics of upwelling annual cycle in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Sustainability 11, 5038 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"75355_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-2333-2012","volume":"9","author":"A Tagliabue","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tagliabue, A. et al. A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences 9, 2333\u20132349 (2012).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"75355_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.14512","volume":"50","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benedetti, F., Wydler, J. & Vogt, M. Copepod functional traits and groups show divergent biogeographies in the global ocean. J. Biogeogr. 50, 8\u201322 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"75355_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw091","volume":"56","author":"BA Seibel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seibel, B. A., Schneider, J. L., Kaartvedt, S., Wishner, K. F. & Daly, K. L. Hypoxia tolerance and metabolic suppression in oxygen minimum zone euphausiids: implications for ocean deoxygenation and biogeochemical cycles. Integr. Comp. Biol. 56, 510\u2013523 (2016).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"75355_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-2241-2016","volume":"13","author":"R Kiko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiko, R., Hauss, H., Buchholz, F. & Melzner, F. Ammonium excretion and oxygen respiration of tropical copepods and euphausiids exposed to oxygen minimum zone conditions. Biogeosciences 13, 2241\u20132255 (2016).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"75355_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regaudie-de-Gioux, A. & Duarte, C. M. Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 26, 1\u201310 (2012).","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003907"},{"key":"75355_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01999","volume":"425","author":"M Staal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Staal, M., Meysman, F. J. R. & Stal, L. J. Temperature excludes N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria in the tropical oceans. Nature 425, 504\u2013507 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75355_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2009.00016.x","volume":"11","author":"LJ Stal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stal, L. J. Is the distribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the oceans related to temperature? Environ. Microbiol. 11, 1632\u20131645 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"75355_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00210","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00210-19","volume":"4","author":"K Inomura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inomura, K., Wilson, S. T. & Deutsch, C. Mechanistic model for the coexistence of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in marine Trichodesmium. mSystems 4, e00210\u2013e00219 (2019).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"75355_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.1.0210","volume":"54","author":"F Lombard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lombard, F., Erez, J., Michel, E. & Labeyrie, L. Temperature effect on respiration and photosynthesis of the symbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, Orbulina universa, and Globigerinella siphonifera. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54, 210\u2013218 (2009).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar, E. et al. Symbiont chloroplasts remain active during bleaching-like response induced by thermal stress in Collozoum pelagicum (Collodaria, Retaria). Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 387 (2018).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00387"},{"key":"75355_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902080106","volume":"106","author":"M Daufresne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daufresne, M., Lengfellner, K. & Sommer, U. Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106, 12788\u201312793 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75355_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9770-0","volume":"38","author":"E Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice, E., Dam, H. G. & Stewart, G. Impact of climate change on estuarine zooplankton: surface water warming in Long Island Sound is associated with changes in copepod size and community structure. Estuaries Coasts 38, 13\u201323 (2015).","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"75355_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01630-7","volume":"13","author":"RF Heneghan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heneghan, R. F., Everett, J. D., Blanchard, J. L., Sykes, P. & Richardson, A. J. Climate-driven zooplankton shifts cause large-scale declines in food quality for fish. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 470\u2013477 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"75355_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16942","volume":"532","author":"L Guidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guidi, L. et al. Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean. Nature 532, 465\u2013470 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75355_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8608","volume":"6","author":"S Agusti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agusti, S. et al. Ubiquitous healthy diatoms in the deep sea confirm deep carbon injection by the biological pump. Nat. Commun. 6, 7608 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75355_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01289-6","volume":"16","author":"M Benavides","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benavides, M. et al. Sinking Trichodesmium fixes nitrogen in the dark ocean.  ISME J. 16, 2398\u20132405 (2022).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"75355_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.4.1755","volume":"51","author":"A Tovar-Sanchez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tovar-Sanchez, A. et al. Effects of dust deposition and river discharges on trace metal composition of trichodesmium spp. in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 1755\u20131761 (2006).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-3167-2010","volume":"7","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Mouri\u00f1o-Carballido, B., Bode, A. & Varela, M. & Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, E. Latitudinal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. and N2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean. Biogeosciences 7, 3167\u20133176 (2010).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"75355_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10109","volume":"470","author":"RJ Langlois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langlois, R. J., Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Croot, P. & LaRoche, J. Diazotrophic bacteria respond to Saharan dust additions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470, 1\u201314 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"75355_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, J.-E., King, D., Longman, J. & Cronin, S. J. Differential response of chlorophyll-a concentrations to explosive volcanism in the western South Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 10, 1072610 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1072610"},{"key":"75355_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91547-y","volume":"11","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, M., Shen, F. & Sun, X. 2019\u20122020 Australian bushfire air particulate pollution and impact on the South Pacific Ocean. Sci. Rep. 11, 12288 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75355_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27407-z","volume":"8","author":"C Guieu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guieu, C. et al. Iron from a submarine source impacts the productive layer of the Western Tropical South Pacific (WTSP). Sci. Rep. 8, 9075 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75355_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq4654","volume":"380","author":"S Bonnet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonnet, S. et al. Natural iron fertilization by shallow hydrothermal sources fuels diazotroph blooms in the ocean. Science 380, 812\u2013817 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75355_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232923","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1232923","volume":"10","author":"Z M\u00e9riguet","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e9riguet, Z. et al. Plankton community structure in response to hydrothermal iron inputs along the Tonga-Kermadec arc. Front. Mar. Sci. 10, 1232923 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-023-00550-9","volume":"7","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Historical footprints and future projections of global dust burden from bias-corrected CMIP6 models. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 7, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"npj Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42891-2","volume":"14","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, P. et al. Aerosols overtake greenhouse gases causing a warmer climate and more weather extremes toward carbon neutrality. Nat. Commun. 14, 7257 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75355_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00688-7","volume":"4","author":"J Gomez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gomez, J. et al. The projected future degradation in air quality is caused by more abundant natural aerosols in a warmer world. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 1\u201311 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"75355_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1765","volume":"6","author":"CM Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore, C. M. et al. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nat. Geosci. 6, 701\u2013710 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"75355_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2017.08.011","volume":"196","author":"LM Laglera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laglera, L. M. et al. Iron partitioning during LOHAFEX: copepod grazing as a major driver for iron recycling in the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 196, 148\u2013161 (2017).","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"75355_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-007-0082-x","volume":"63","author":"A Tsuda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsuda, A. et al. Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the Western Subarctic Pacific (SEEDS II). J. Oceanogr. 63, 983\u2013994 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-26-279-2022","volume":"26","author":"S Winkelbauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winkelbauer, S. et al. Diagnostic evaluation of river discharge into the Arctic Ocean and its impact on oceanic volume transports. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 26, 279\u2013304 (2022).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Tagliabue, A. & Cassar, N. Data-driven modeling of dissolved Iron in the Global Ocean. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 837183 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.837183"},{"key":"75355_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2010.8.462","volume":"8","author":"M Picheral","year":"2010","unstructured":"Picheral, M. et al. The Underwater Vision Profiler 5: An advanced instrument for high spatial resolution studies of particle size spectra and zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 8, 462\u2013473 (2010).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"75355_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10475","volume":"20","author":"M Picheral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Picheral, M. et al. The Underwater Vision Profiler 6: an imaging sensor of particle size spectra and plankton, for autonomous and cabled platforms. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 20, 115\u2013129 (2022).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"75355_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbp124","volume":"32","author":"G Gorsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorsky, G. et al. Digital zooplankton image analysis using the ZooScan integrated system. J. Plankton Res. 32, 285\u2013303 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"75355_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dugenne, M. et al. First release of the Pelagic Size Structure database: global datasets of marine size spectra obtained from plankton imaging devices. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. 1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-2023-479 (2023).","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2023-479"},{"key":"75355_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-4315-2022","volume":"14","author":"R Kiko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiko, R. et al. A global marine particle size distribution dataset obtained with the Underwater Vision Profiler 5. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 4315\u20134337 (2022).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"75355_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neeley, A. et al. Standards and practices for reporting plankton and other particle observations from images. 38pp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1575\/1912\/27377 (2021).","DOI":"10.1575\/1912\/27377"},{"key":"75355_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, L. et al. Global distribution of zooplankton biomass estimated by in situ imaging and machine learning. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 894372 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.894372"},{"key":"75355_CR79","unstructured":"Boyer, T. P. et al. World Ocean Atlas 2018. (NOAA National Centers for Envrionmental Information, 2018)."},{"key":"75355_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005289","volume":"30","author":"A Tagliabue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tagliabue, A. et al. How well do global ocean biogeochemistry models simulate dissolved iron distributions? Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 149\u2013174 (2016).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"75355_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00069","volume":"3","author":"M Gledhill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gledhill, M. & Buck, K. The organic complexation of iron in the marine environment: a review. Front. Microbiol. 3, 69 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"75355_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2465-2015","volume":"8","author":"O Aumont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aumont, O., Eth\u00e9, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L. & Gehlen, M. PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies. Geosci. Model Dev. 8, 2465\u20132513 (2015).","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"75355_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanner, E. P., Ewin, H., Viljoen, J. J. & Brewin, R. J. W. Revisiting the relationship between surface and column-integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Biogeochemical-Argo and satellite era. Front. Remote Sens. 5, 1495958 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/frsen.2024.1495958"},{"key":"75355_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GB005521","volume":"30","author":"GM Silsbe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silsbe, G. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J. & Westberry, T. K. The CAFE model: a net production model for global ocean phytoplankton. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 1756\u20131777 (2016).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"75355_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-703-2023","volume":"19","author":"TS Kostadinov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kostadinov, T. S. et al. Ocean color algorithm for the retrieval of the particle size distribution and carbon-based phytoplankton size classes using a two-component coated-sphere backscattering model. Ocean Sci. 19, 703\u2013727 (2023).","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"75355_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","volume":"91","author":"DB Chelton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G. & Samelson, R. M. Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies. Prog. Oceanogr. 91, 167\u2013216 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"75355_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","volume":"77","author":"J Elith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R. & Hastie, T. A working guide to boosted regression trees. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 802\u2013813 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"75355_CR88","unstructured":"Steele, R. J. & Raftery, A. E. Performance of Bayesian Model Selection Criteria for Gaussian Mixture Models. Edited by M.-H. Chen et al. in Frontiers of Statistical Decision Making and Bayesian Analysis 113\u2013130 (University of Washington Department of Statistics, 2010)."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75355-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75355-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75355-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T01:03:54Z","timestamp":1787101434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75355-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-75355-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"8645"}}