{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:28:37Z","timestamp":1787052517396,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52101187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52101187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12274010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12274010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Material Frontiers Research in Extreme Environments, China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75475-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T19:34:15Z","timestamp":1783625655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct correspondence between liquid and glass polymorphism in densely packed metallic alloys"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbo","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianghua","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fujun","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhidan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0481-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-kwang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoshi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"75475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1126\/science.267.5206.1935","volume":"267","author":"FH Stillinger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stillinger, F. H. A topographic view of supercooled liquids and glass formation. Science 267, 1935\u20131939 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5298.322","volume":"275","author":"PH Poole","year":"1997","unstructured":"Poole, P. H., Grande, T., Angell, C. A. & McMillan, P. F. Polymorphic Phase Transitions in Liquids and Glasses. Science 275, 322\u2013323 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/310393a0","volume":"310","author":"O Mishima","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mishima, O., Calvert, L. D. & Whalley, E. \u2018Melting ice\u2019 I at 77 K and 10 kbar: a new method of making amorphous solids. Nature 310, 393\u2013395 (1984).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/360324a0","volume":"360","author":"PH Poole","year":"1992","unstructured":"Poole, P. H., Sciortino, F., Essmann, U. & Stanley, H. E. Phase behaviour of metastable water. Nature 360, 324\u2013328 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/35003143","volume":"403","author":"Y Katayama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Katayama, Y. et al. A first-order liquid-liquid phase transition in phosphorus. Nature 403, 170\u2013173 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat994","volume":"2","author":"S Sastry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sastry, S. & Austen Angell, C. Liquid-liquid phase transition in supercooled silicon. Nat. Mater. 2, 739\u2013743 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1458","volume":"4","author":"PF McMillan","year":"2005","unstructured":"McMillan, P. F., Wilson, M., Daisenberger, D. & Machon, D. A density-driven phase transition between semiconducting and metallic polyamorphs of silicon. Nat. Mater. 4, 680\u2013684 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2593-1","volume":"584","author":"L Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry, L. et al. Liquid-liquid transition and critical point in sulfur. Nature 584, 382\u2013386 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/35087524","volume":"412","author":"I Saika-Voivod","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saika-Voivod, I., Poole, P. H. & Sciortino, F. Fragile-to-strong transition and polyamorphism in the energy landscape of liquid silica. Nature 412, 514\u2013517 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.205701","volume":"125","author":"Y Kono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kono, Y., Shu, Y., Kenney-Benson, C., Wang, Y. & Shen, G. Structural Evolution of SiO2 Glass with Si Coordination Number Greater than 6. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 205701 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/369633a0","volume":"369","author":"S Aasland","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aasland, S. & McMillan, P. F. Density-driven liquid\u2013liquid phase separation in the system Al2O3\u2013Y2O3. Nature 369, 633\u2013636 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1511","volume":"4","author":"SK Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, S. K. et al. Probing of bonding changes in B2O3 glasses at high pressure with inelastic X-ray scattering. Nat. Mater. 4, 851\u2013854 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800777115","volume":"115","author":"SK Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, S. K. et al. Amorphous boron oxide at megabar pressures via inelastic X-ray scattering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 5855\u20135860 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75475_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64843-8","volume":"16","author":"SK Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, S. K., El Ghazaoui, E., Kweon, J. J., Lee, S. & Parq, J.-H. Hyperconnected amorphous oxide networks under compression. Nat. Commun. 16, 9930 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13266","volume":"510","author":"JA Sellberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sellberg, J. A. et al. Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature. Nature 510, 381\u2013384 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9385","volume":"370","author":"KH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, K. H. et al. Experimental observation of the liquid-liquid transition in bulk supercooled water under pressure. Science 370, 978\u2013982 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024506","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0304941","volume":"164","author":"R Kumar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kumar, R., de Almeida Ribeiro, I., Dhabal, D. & Molinero, V. Rethinking the evidence for a liquid\u2013liquid transition in water: What decompression experiments reveal. J. Chem. Phys. 164, 024506 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01586-9","volume":"569","author":"JS Tse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tse, J. S. A twist in the tale of the structure of ice. Nature 569, 495\u2013496 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.112.024203","volume":"112","author":"MB Davies","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davies, M. B., Rosu-Finsen, A., Salzmann, C. G. & Michaelides, A. Low-density amorphous ice contains crystalline ice grains. Phys. Rev. B 112, 024203 (2025).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"75475_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1248","volume":"3","author":"PF McMillan","year":"2004","unstructured":"McMillan, P. F. Relaxing times for silicon. Nat. Mater. 3, 755\u2013756 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4807479","volume":"138","author":"DT Limmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Limmer, D. T. & Chandler, D. The putative liquid-liquid transition is a liquid-solid transition in atomistic models of water. II. J. Chem. Phys. 138, 214504 (2013).","journal-title":"II. J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13405","volume":"510","author":"JC Palmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palmer, J. C. et al. Metastable liquid-liquid transition in a molecular model of water. Nature 510, 385\u2013388 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7542","volume":"369","author":"L Kringle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kringle, L., Thornley, W. A., Kay, B. D. & Kimmel, G. A. Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K. Science 369, 1490\u20131492 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36091-1","volume":"14","author":"K Amann-Winkel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amann-Winkel, K. et al. Liquid-liquid phase separation in supercooled water from ultrafast heating of low-density amorphous ice. Nat. Commun. 14, 442 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1204-5","volume":"569","author":"CA Tulk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tulk, C. A., Molaison, J. J., Makhluf, A. R., Manning, C. E. & Klug, D. D. Absence of amorphous forms when ice is compressed at low temperature. Nature 569, 542\u2013545 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2697-7","volume":"585","author":"R Bauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauer, R., Tse, J. S., Komatsu, K., Machida, S. & Hattori, T. Slow compression of crystalline ice at low temperature. Nature 585, E9\u2013E10 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/23216","volume":"400","author":"JS Tse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tse, J. S. et al. The mechanisms for pressure-induced amorphization of ice Ih. Nature 400, 647\u2013649 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13336","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700103114","volume":"114","author":"PH Handle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Handle, P. H., Loerting, T. & Sciortino, F. Supercooled and glassy water: Metastable liquid(s), amorphous solid(s), and a no-man\u2019s land. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 13336\u201313344 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75475_CR29","volume":"8","author":"MA Anisimov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anisimov, M. A. et al. Thermodynamics of Fluid Polyamorphism. Phys. Rev. X 8, 011004 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"75475_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0021045","volume":"153","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanaka, H. Liquid\u2013liquid transition and polyamorphism. J. Chem. Phys. 153, 130901 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7591","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c01712","volume":"142","author":"F Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton, F. et al. Polyamorphism Mirrors Polymorphism in the Liquid-Liquid Transition of a Molecular Liquid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 7591\u20137597 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"75475_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108194118","volume":"118","author":"J Bachler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bachler, J., Giebelmann, J. & Loerting, T. Experimental evidence for glass polymorphism in vitrified water droplets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2108194118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75475_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1021\/cm200241c","volume":"23","author":"NK Nasikas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nasikas, N. K., Sen, S. & Papatheodorou, G. N. Structural Nature of Polyamorphism in Y2O3\u2013Al2O3 Glasses. Chem. Mater. 23, 2860\u20132868 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.62.6968","volume":"62","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tanaka, H. General view of a liquid-liquid phase transition. Phys. Rev. E 62, 6968\u20136976 (2000).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"75475_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.12.002","volume":"61","author":"D Machon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Machon, D., Meersman, F., Wilding, M. C., Wilson, M. & McMillan, P. F. Pressure-induced amorphization and polyamorphism: Inorganic and biochemical systems. Prog. Mater. Sci. 61, 216\u2013282 (2014).","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"75475_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1839","volume":"6","author":"HW Sheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheng, H. W. et al. Polyamorphism in a metallic glass. Nat. Mater. 6, 192\u2013197 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705999104","volume":"104","author":"QS Zeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zeng, Q. S. et al. Anomalous compression behavior in lanthanum\/cerium-based metallic glass under high pressure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13565\u201313568 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75475_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.105702","volume":"104","author":"QS Zeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zeng, Q. S. et al. Origin of pressure-induced polyamorphism in Ce75Al25 metallic glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 105702 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2010.12.017","volume":"59","author":"JJZ Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, J. J. Z., Rhim, W. K., Kim, C. P., Samwer, K. & Johnson, W. L. Evidence for a liquid\u2013liquid phase transition in metallic fluids observed by electrostatic levitation. Acta Mater. 59, 2166\u20132171 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3083","volume":"4","author":"S Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei, S. et al. Liquid-liquid transition in a strong bulk metallic glass-forming liquid. Nat. Commun. 4, 2083 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.125503","volume":"110","author":"A Cadien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cadien, A. et al. First-order liquid-liquid phase transition in cerium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 125503 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8696","volume":"6","author":"W Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al. Evidence of liquid-liquid transition in glass-forming La50Al35Ni15 melt above liquidus temperature. Nat. Commun. 6, 7696 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211907","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4952724","volume":"108","author":"S Lan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lan, S. et al. Structural crossover in a supercooled metallic liquid and the link to a liquid-to-liquid phase transition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 211907 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.055502","volume":"123","author":"I Jonas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonas, I., Yang, F. & Meyer, A. Long-Range Mass Transport during Structural Transitions in Metallic Glass-Forming Melts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 055502 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2022.117834","volume":"230","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, Q., Sun, Y., Orava, J., Bai, H. & Wang, W. Kinetically facilitated liquid-liquid transition in a metallic liquid. Acta Mater. 230, 117834 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.226601","volume":"123","author":"DC Van Hoesen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Hoesen, D. C. et al. Resistivity Saturation in Metallic Liquids Above a Dynamical Crossover Temperature Observed in Measurements Aboard the International Space Station. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 226601 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14679","volume":"8","author":"S Lan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan, S. et al. Hidden amorphous phase and reentrant supercooled liquid in Pd-Ni-P metallic glasses. Nat. Commun. 8, 14679 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.05.060","volume":"195","author":"Q An","year":"2020","unstructured":"An, Q., Johnson, W. L., Samwer, K., Corona, S. L. & Goddard, W. A. Formation of two glass phases in binary Cu-Ag liquid. Acta Mater. 195, 274\u2013281 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.117588","volume":"225","author":"J Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen, J., Sun, Y. H., Orava, J., Bai, H. Y. & Wang, W. H. Liquid-to-liquid transition around the glass-transition temperature in a glass-forming metallic liquid. Acta Mater. 225, 117588 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2024.119701","volume":"266","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Yang, X.-M., Zhang, T., Liu, X.-W. & Yu, H.-B. Structure and entropy control of polyamorphous transition in high-entropy metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 266, 119701 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2025.121090","volume":"293","author":"HR Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang, H. R. et al. Liquid-liquid phase transition and chemical phase separation in Cu-Zr-Al-Y bulk glass-forming supercooled liquid. Acta Mater. 293, 121090 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51080-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Continuous polyamorphic transition in high-entropy metallic glass. Nat. Commun. 15, 6702 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025003","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/ae3f46","volume":"5","author":"Q Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Structural pathway of polyamorphous transition in metallic glasses. Mater. Futures 5, 025003 (2026).","journal-title":"Mater. Futures"},{"key":"75475_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43457-y","volume":"14","author":"T Fujita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fujita, T. et al. Pressure-induced reversal of Peierls-like distortions elicits the polyamorphic transition in GeTe and GeSe. Nat. Commun. 14, 7851 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1773","volume":"364","author":"P Zalden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zalden, P. et al. Femtosecond x-ray diffraction reveals a liquid\u2013liquid phase transition in phase-change materials. Science 364, 1062\u20131067 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14129-7","volume":"11","author":"H Lou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lou, H. et al. Two-way tuning of structural order in metallic glasses. Nat. Commun. 11, 314 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2004.12.011","volume":"53","author":"AR Yavari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yavari, A. R. et al. Excess free volume in metallic glasses measured by X-ray diffraction. Acta Mater. 53, 1611\u20131619 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/08957950701659700","volume":"27","author":"PI Dorogokupets","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorogokupets, P. I. & Dewaele, A. Equations of state of MgO, Au, Pt, NaCl-B1, and NaCl-B2: Internally consistent high-temperature pressure scales. High. Press. Res. 27, 431\u2013446 (2007).","journal-title":"High. Press. Res"},{"key":"75475_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2013.02.019","volume":"38","author":"N Mattern","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mattern, N., Bednarcik, J., Liermann, H.-P. & Eckert, J. Structural behaviour of Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 metallic glass under high pressure. Intermetallics 38, 9\u201313 (2013).","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"75475_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.10.032","volume":"60","author":"N Mattern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mattern, N., Stoica, M., Vaughan, G. & Eckert, J. Thermal behaviour of Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 bulk metallic glass. Acta Mater. 60, 517\u2013524 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.185502","volume":"112","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zeng, Q. et al. Universal fractional noncubic power law for density of metallic glasses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 185502 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2340","volume":"8","author":"D Ma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ma, D., Stoica, A. D. & Wang, X. L. Power-law scaling and fractal nature of medium-range order in metallic glasses. Nat. Mater. 8, 30\u201334 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04421","volume":"439","author":"HW Sheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheng, H. W., Luo, W. K., Alamgir, F. M., Bai, J. M. & Ma, E. Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses. Nature 439, 419\u2013425 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2004.03.001","volume":"44","author":"WH Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, W. H., Dong, C. & Shek, C. H. Bulk metallic glasses. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. 44, 45\u201389 (2004).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R."},{"key":"75475_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123514","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4823816","volume":"114","author":"RJ Xue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xue, R. J. et al. Characterization of flow units in metallic glass through density variation. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 123514 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4968834","volume":"109","author":"RJ Xue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xue, R. J. et al. Enhanced kinetic stability of a bulk metallic glass by high pressure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 221904 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"75475_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-019-0175-1","volume":"11","author":"R Yamada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamada, R., Shibazaki, Y., Abe, Y., Ryu, W. & Saida, J. Unveiling a new type of ultradense anomalous metallic glass with improved strength and ductility through a high-pressure heat treatment. NPG Asia Mater. 11, 72 (2019).","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66418-7","volume":"10","author":"W Dmowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dmowski, W. et al. High Pressure Quenched Glasses: unique structures and properties. Sci. Rep. 10, 9497 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75475_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.119065","volume":"255","author":"A Cornet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cornet, A. et al. Denser glasses relax faster: Enhanced atomic mobility and anomalous particle displacement under in-situ high pressure compression of metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 255, 119065 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2025.12.011","volume":"92","author":"A Cornet","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cornet, A. et al. Break-down of the relationship between \u03b1-relaxation and equilibration in hydrostatically compressed metallic glasses. Mater. Today 92, 304\u2013314 (2026).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"75475_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz7406","volume":"11","author":"J Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, J. et al. Linking the pressure dependence of the structure and thermal stability to \u03b1- and \u03b2-relaxations in metallic glasses. Sci. Adv. 11, eadz7406 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"75475_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2302281120","volume":"120","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Pressure-induced nonmonotonic cross-over of steady relaxation dynamics in a metallic glass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2302281120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75475_CR73","first-page":"254204","volume":"23","author":"J Bednarcik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bednarcik, J. et al. Thermal expansion of a La-based bulk metallic glass: insight fromin situhigh-energy x-ray diffraction. J. Phys. 23, 254204 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa100","volume":"7","author":"Q Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Peng, S.-X., Wang, Z. & Yu, H.-B. Shadow glass transition as a thermodynamic signature of \u03b2 relaxation in hyper-quenched metallic glasses. Natl. Sci. Rev. 7, 1896\u20131905 (2020).","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"75475_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2022.118376","volume":"241","author":"YH Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng, Y. H. et al. Rejuvenation by enthalpy relaxation in metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 241, 118376 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64442-1","volume":"10","author":"R Yamada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamada, R., Shibazaki, Y., Abe, Y., Ryu, W. & Saida, J. Breakdown of One-to-One Correspondence in Energy and Volume in a High-Pressure Heat-Treated Zr-Based Metallic Glass During Annealing. Sci. Rep. 10, 7438 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75475_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073404","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.3.073404","volume":"3","author":"G Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen, G., Smith, J. S. & Kenney-Benson, C. Nature of polyamorphic transformations in H2O under isothermal compression and decompression. Phys. Rev. Mater. 3, 073404 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8783","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp02600j","volume":"13","author":"T Loerting","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loerting, T. et al. How many amorphous ices are there? Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 8783\u20138794 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"75475_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2105","volume":"379","author":"A Rosu-Finsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosu-Finsen, A. et al. Medium-density amorphous ice. Science 379, 474\u2013478 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75475_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03072-z","volume":"589","author":"VL Deringer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deringer, V. L. et al. Origins of structural and electronic transitions in disordered silicon. Nature 589, 59\u201364 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75475_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44332-6","volume":"15","author":"Z Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan, Z. & Tanaka, H. Microscopic mechanisms of pressure-induced amorphous-amorphous transitions and crystallisation in silicon. Nat. Commun. 15, 368 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75475_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2006.09.023","volume":"56","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., Cheng, S., Strader, J. H., Ma, E. & Xu, J. Critical size and strength of the best bulk metallic glass former in the Mg\u2013Cu\u2013Gd ternary system. Scr. Mater. 56, 161\u2013164 (2007).","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"75475_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans1989.38.179","volume":"38","author":"A Inoue","year":"1997","unstructured":"Inoue, A., Nishiyama, N. & Kimura, H. Preparation and Thermal Stability of Bulk Amorphous Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 Alloy Cylinder of 72 mm in Diameter. Mater. Trans., JIM 38, 179\u2013183 (1997).","journal-title":"Mater. Trans., JIM"},{"key":"75475_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB05p04673","volume":"91","author":"HK Mao","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mao, H. K., Xu, J. & Bell, P. M. Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi-hydrostatic conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4673\u20134676 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"75475_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2015.1059835","volume":"35","author":"C Prescher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prescher, C. & Prakapenka, V. B. DIOPTAS: a program for reduction of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction data and data exploration. High. Press. Res. 35, 223\u2013230 (2015).","journal-title":"High. Press. Res."},{"key":"75475_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2017.07.001","volume":"6","author":"J Shanmugam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shanmugam, J., Borisenko, K. B., Chou, Y.-J. & Kirkland, A. I. eRDF Analyser: An interactive GUI for electron reduced density function analysis. SoftwareX 6, 185\u2013192 (2017).","journal-title":"SoftwareX"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75475-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75475-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75475-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1787050972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75475-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-75475-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Q.Z., H.L. and Z.Z. are in the process of applying for a patent related to the synthesis of metallic glasses from high-pressure liquid quenching described in this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"8502"}}