{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:22:29Z","timestamp":1787790149632,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75868-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:34:55Z","timestamp":1785173695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The VgrG2 effector of Acinetobacter baumannii mediates immune evasion by repressing Csu pilus assembly and triggering phagocyte methuosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingye","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisha","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yake","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2903-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"75868_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070741","volume":"358","author":"LS Munoz-Price","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munoz-Price, L. S. & Weinstein, R. A. Acinetobacter infection. N Engl. J. Med. 358, 1271\u20131281 (2008).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"75868_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.148","volume":"16","author":"CM Harding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harding, C. M., Hennon, S. W. & Feldman, M. F. Uncovering the mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii virulence. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 91\u2013102 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucidi, M. et al. The response to desiccation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Virulence 16, 2490209 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2025.2490209 (2025).","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2490209"},{"key":"75868_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01314-12","volume":"57","author":"JM Rolain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rolain, J. M. et al. Real-time sequencing to decipher the molecular mechanism of resistance of a clinical pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate from Marseille, France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57, 592\u2013596 (2013).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"75868_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giammanco, A., Cala, C., Fasciana, T. & Dowzicky, M. J. Global assessment of the activity of tigecycline against multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens between 2004 and 2014 as part of the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial. mSphere 2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00310-16 (2017).","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00310-16"},{"key":"75868_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210 e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.020","volume":"23","author":"M Mari-Almirall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mari-Almirall, M. et al. MALDI-TOF\/MS identification of species from the Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) group revisited: inclusion of the novel A. seifertii and A. dijkshoorniae species. Clin. Microbiol. Infect 23, 210 e211\u2013210.e219 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"75868_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/668770","volume":"34","author":"DM Sievert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sievert, D. M. et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34, 1\u201314 (2013).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"75868_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.174","volume":"37","author":"LM Weiner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weiner, L. M. et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011-2014. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 37, 1288\u20131301 (2016).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"75868_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy988","volume":"69","author":"Y Dickstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dickstein, Y. et al. Treatment outcomes of colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: an exploratory subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Infect Dis. 69, 769\u2013776 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"75868_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1601-38","volume":"47","author":"A But","year":"2017","unstructured":"But, A. et al. Analysis of epidemiology and risk factors for mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia attacks in intensive care unit patients. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 47, 812\u2013816 (2017).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"75868_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","volume":"197","author":"LB Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice, L. B. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J. Infect. Dis. 197, 1079\u20131081 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"75868_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","volume":"22","author":"WR Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller, W. R. & Arias, C. A. ESKAPE pathogens: antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 22, 598\u2013616 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02104-6","volume":"85","author":"A Iovleva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iovleva, A., Fowler, V. G. Jr. & Doi, Y. Treatment approaches for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Drugs 85, 21\u201340 (2025).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"75868_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70279-2","volume":"8","author":"DE Karageorgopoulos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karageorgopoulos, D. E. & Falagas, M. E. Current control and treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8, 751\u2013762 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"75868_CR15","first-page":"169","volume":"12","author":"A Dedeic-Ljubovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dedeic-Ljubovic, A., Granov, D. & Hukic, M. Emergence of extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumanniiin the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Med. Glas. Zenica 12, 169\u2013176 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Glas. Zenica"},{"key":"75868_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.296","volume":"41","author":"LM Weiner-Lastinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiner-Lastinger, L. M. et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 41, 1\u201318 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"75868_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pariona, J. G. M. et al. Whole-genome analysis of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Peruvian tertiary hospital reveals the emergence of OXA-23-producing ST79 and ST1079 clones. Microbiol. Spectr. 14, e0341525 (2026).","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03415-25"},{"key":"75868_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00441","volume":"8","author":"MG Garcia-Patino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-Patino, M. G., Garcia-Contreras, R. & Licona-Limon, P. The immune response against Acinetobacter baumannii, an emerging pathogen in nosocomial infections. Front. Immunol. 8, 441 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"75868_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-16","volume":"30","author":"D Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, D. et al. Clinical and pathophysiological overview of acinetobacter infections: a century of challenges. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 30, 409\u2013447 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"75868_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040019","volume":"7","author":"H Qiu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qiu, H. et al. Role of macrophages in early host resistance to respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii infection. PLoS One 7, e40019 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"75868_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00486","volume":"10","author":"W Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, W. Host innate immune responses to Acinetobacter baumannii Infection. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 486 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.058","volume":"29","author":"YG Santin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santin, Y. G., Doan, T., Journet, L. & Cascales, E. Cell width dictates type VI secretion tail length. Curr. Biol. 29, 3707\u20133713.e3703 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"75868_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cherrak, Y., Flaugnatti, N., Durand, E., Journet, L. & Cascales, E. Structure and activity of the type VI secretion system. Microbiol. Spectr. 7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0031-2019 (2019).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0031-2019"},{"key":"75868_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00291","volume":"10","author":"S Wettstadt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wettstadt, S., Lai, E. M. & Filloux, A. Solving the puzzle: connecting a heterologous Agrobacterium tumefaciens T6SS effector to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa spike complex. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 291 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3456","volume":"13","author":"TR Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa, T. R. et al. Secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria: structural and mechanistic insights. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 343\u2013359 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00465-6","volume":"9","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad, I. et al. Csu pili dependent biofilm formation and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 9, 101 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"75868_CR27","first-page":"69","volume":"55","author":"CL Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, C. L. et al. D-mannose-sensitive pilus of Acinetobacter baumannii is linked to biofilm formation and adherence onto respiratory tract epithelial cells. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 55, 69\u201379 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"75868_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, A. C. et al. AB5075, a highly virulent isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii, as a model strain for the evaluation of pathogenesis and antimicrobial treatments. Mbio 5, e01076-14 (2014).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01076-14"},{"key":"75868_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw529","volume":"215","author":"GL Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray, G. L. et al. Global gene expression profile of Acinetobacter baumannii during bacteremia. J. Infect. Dis. 215, S52\u2013S57 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"75868_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, D. et al. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) as a potential therapeutic target for Acinetobacter baumannii infection. J. Biomed. Sci. 27, 26 (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0617-7"},{"key":"75868_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, K. W., Xue, P., Fu, Y. & Yang, L. T6SS mediated stress responses for bacterial environmental survival and host adaptation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020478 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020478"},{"key":"75868_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915156107","volume":"107","author":"AT Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma, A. T. & Mekalanos, J. J. In vivo actin cross-linking induced by Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system is associated with intestinal inflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 4365\u20134370 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75868_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.02.005","volume":"16","author":"SK Tiwari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiwari, S. K., Wang, S., Smith, D., Carlin, A. F. & Rana, T. M. Revealing tissue-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection and host responses using human stem cell-derived lung and cerebral organoids. Stem Cell Rep. 16, 437\u2013445 (2021).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"75868_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502966112","volume":"112","author":"BS Weber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weber, B. S., Ly, P. M., Irwin, J. N., Pukatzki, S. & Feldman, M. F. A multidrug resistance plasmid contains the molecular switch for type VI secretion in Acinetobacter baumannii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 9442\u20139447 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75868_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001027","volume":"133","author":"AR Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, A. R. et al. Role of immunodeficiency in Acinetobacter baumannii associated pneumonia in mice. Chin. Med. J. 133, 2161\u20132169 (2020).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"75868_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-022-00757-2","volume":"212","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Acinetobacter baumannii reinforces the pathogenesis by promoting IL-17 production in a mouse pneumonia model. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 212, 65\u201373 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"75868_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02376-8","volume":"4","author":"J Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Li, Q., Luo, H. & Holmdahl, R. Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species promote tumor colonization. Commun. Biol. 4, 865 (2021).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"75868_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin, S. et al. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat. Nat. Commun. 12, 1088 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"75868_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03656-y","volume":"78","author":"A Ciesielska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciesielska, A., Matyjek, M. & Kwiatkowska, K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 78, 1233\u20131261 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"75868_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800156","volume":"58","author":"X Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding, X. et al. The different roles of hcp(1) and hcp(2) of the type VI secretion system in Escherichia coli strain CE129. J. Basic Microbiol. 58, 938\u2013946 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02473","volume":"8","author":"SB de Campos","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Campos, S. B., Lardi, M., Gandolfi, A., Eberl, L. & Pessi, G. Mutations in two Paraburkholderia phymatum type VI secretion systems cause reduced fitness in interbacterial competition. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2473 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12966","volume":"21","author":"N Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, N. et al. Type VI secretion systems of plant-pathogenic Burkholderia glumae BGR1 play a functionally distinct role in interspecies interactions and virulence. Mol. Plant Pathol. 21, 1055\u20131069 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"75868_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, W. et al. Distribution of type VI secretion system (T6SS) in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from a Chinese hospital and its potential relationship with virulence and drug resistance. Microb. Pathog. 162, 105085 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105085"},{"key":"75868_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, S., Tang, J., Wang, B., Cai, J. & Jian, J. Roles of Hcp2, a Hallmark of T6SS2 in Motility, Adhesive Capacity, and Pathogenicity of Vibrio alginolyticus. Microorganisms 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11122893 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122893"},{"key":"75868_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raustad, N. et al. A phosphorylation signal activates genome-wide transcriptional control by BfmR, the global regulator of Acinetobacter resistance and virulence. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkaf063 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf063"},{"key":"75868_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Discovery of novel BfmR inhibitors restoring carbapenem susceptibility against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 13, 2396877 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2396877"},{"key":"75868_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00753","volume":"61","author":"W Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, W. et al. Discovery and identification of small molecules as methuosis inducers with antitumor activities. J. Med. Chem. 61, 5424\u20135434 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"75868_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. Methuosis inducer SGI-1027 cooperates with everolimus to promote apoptosis and pyroptosis by triggering lysosomal membrane permeability in renal cancer. Adv. Sci. 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202404693 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404693"},{"key":"75868_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan, T. L. et al. The CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated knockout of VgrG2 in wild pathogenic E. coli to alleviate the effects on cell damage and autophagy. Vet Sci 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12030249 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12030249"},{"key":"75868_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00168","volume":"6","author":"Y Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Fang, L., Zhang, Y., Sheng, H. & Fang, W. VgrG2 of type VI secretion system 2 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus induces autophagy in macrophages. Front. Microbiol. 6, 168 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706532104","volume":"104","author":"S Pukatzki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pukatzki, S., Ma, A. T., Revel, A. T., Sturtevant, D. & Mekalanos, J. J. Type VI secretion system translocates a phage tail spike-like protein into target cells where it cross-links actin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15508\u201315513 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75868_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38190","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.390153","volume":"287","author":"E Durand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Durand, E. et al. Crystal structure of the VgrG1 actin cross-linking domain of the Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 38190\u201338199 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"75868_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5350.509","volume":"279","author":"A Hall","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hall, A. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279, 509\u2013514 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"75868_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, W. et al. Structure and assembly of type VI secretion system cargo delivery vehicle. Cell Rep. 42, 112781 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112781"},{"key":"75868_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0144-4","volume":"3","author":"BJ Burkinshaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burkinshaw, B. J. et al. A type VI secretion system effector delivery mechanism dependent on PAAR and a chaperone-co-chaperone complex. Nat. Microbiol. 3, 632\u2013640 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005735","volume":"12","author":"FR Cianfanelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cianfanelli, F. R. et al. VgrG and PAAR proteins define distinct versions of a functional type VI secretion system. PLoS Pathog 12, e1005735 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"75868_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, S. A. et al. The breadth and molecular basis of Hcp-driven type VI secretion system effector delivery. mBio 12, e0026221 (2021).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00262-21"},{"key":"75868_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.11.006","volume":"29","author":"A Hachani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hachani, A., Wood, T. E. & Filloux, A. Type VI secretion and anti-host effectors. Curr Opin Microbiol 29, 81\u201393 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"75868_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1735-9","volume":"575","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. et al. An interbacterial toxin inhibits target cell growth by synthesizing (p)ppApp. Nature 575, 674\u2013678 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75868_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800961115","volume":"115","author":"N Pakharukova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pakharukova, N. et al. Structural basis for Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 5558\u20135563 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"75868_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-component system LadS\/PA0034 regulates macrophage phagocytosis via fimbrial protein cupA1. mBio 15, e0061624 (2024).","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00616-24"},{"key":"75868_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, X., Huang, M. & Liu, Q. Methuosis caused by dysregulated macropinocytosis, a promising tumor therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol. Res. 220, 107945 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107945"},{"key":"75868_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang, D., Wang, J., Kroemer, G. & Kang, R. Targeting macropinocytosis for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-025-00892-x (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00892-x"},{"key":"75868_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartoszewska, E. et al. Methuosis, alkaliptosis, and oxeiptosis and their significance in anticancer therapy. Cells-Basel 13, 2095 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13242095"},{"key":"75868_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712560114","volume":"114","author":"T Mizoguchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mizoguchi, T., Ikeda, S., Watanabe, S., Sugawara, M. & Itoh, M. Mib1 contributes to persistent directional cell migration by regulating the Ctnnd1-Rac1 pathway. Proc, Natl Acad, Sci, USA 114, E9280\u2013E9289 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc, Natl Acad, Sci, USA"},{"key":"75868_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.201749","volume":"130","author":"Y Ikeda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ikeda, Y. et al. Rac1 switching at the right time and location is essential for Fc\u03b3 receptor-mediated phagosome formation. J, Cell Sci, 130, 2530\u20132540 (2017).","journal-title":"J, Cell Sci,"},{"key":"75868_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Revenstorff, J. et al. Role of S100A8\/A9 in platelet-neutrophil complex formation during acute inflammation. Cells-Basel 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11233944 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233944"},{"key":"75868_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62655-4","volume":"16","author":"CD Jackson-Litteken","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jackson-Litteken, C. D. et al. A chronic Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia model to study long-term virulence factors, antibiotic treatments, and polymicrobial infections. Nat. Commun 16, 7617 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"75868_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0412-0","volume":"17","author":"M Metzemaekers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Metzemaekers, M., Gouwy, M. & Proost, P. Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: double-edged swords. Cell Mol. Immunol. 17, 433\u2013450 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"75868_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.04.026","volume":"135","author":"M Pazoki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazoki, M., Darvish Alipour Astaneh, S., Ramezanalizadeh, F., Jahangiri, A. & Rasooli, I. Immunoprotectivity of Valine-glycine repeat protein G, a potent mediator of pathogenicity, against Acinetobacter baumannii. Mol. Immunol. 135, 276\u2013284 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"75868_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192288","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. The role of the type VI secretion system vgrG gene in the virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606. PLoS One 13, e0192288 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"75868_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, D. et al. Outer membrane protein a in Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy through mTOR signalling pathways in the lung of SD rats. Biomed. Pharmacotherapy 135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111034 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111034"},{"key":"75868_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13465","volume":"132","author":"Z Panji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panji, Z., Nadoushan, M. J., Fekrirad, Z. & Rasooli, I. Modulation with anti-Oma87 antibodies of cytotoxicity, adherence, and internalization of Acinetobacter baumannii in human cervical carcinoma epithelial cells. APMIS 132, 843\u2013858 (2024).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"75868_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201500019R","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Critical role of bacterial isochorismatase in the autophagic process induced by Acinetobacter baumannii in mammalian cells. FASEB J. 30, 3563\u20133577 (2016).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"75868_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-024-00109-0","volume":"62","author":"Z An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An, Z. & Ding, W. Syntaxin17 restores lysosomal function and inhibits pyroptosis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Microbiol. 62, 315\u2013325 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-158","volume":"13","author":"IM Amin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amin, I. M. et al. A method for generating marker-less gene deletions in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol. 13, 158 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"75868_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the metabolic programming of GM-CSF- and M-CSF- differentiated mouse macrophages. Front. Immunol. 14, 1230772 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1230772"},{"key":"75868_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00344.x","volume":"37","author":"MJ McConnell","year":"2013","unstructured":"McConnell, M. J., Actis, L. & Pachon, J. Acinetobacter baumannii: human infections, factors contributing to pathogenesis and animal models. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37, 130\u2013155 (2013).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"75868_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt444","volume":"41","author":"R McClure","year":"2013","unstructured":"McClure, R. et al. Computational analysis of bacterial RNA-Seq data. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, e140 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"75868_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042","volume":"40","author":"DJ McCarthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy, D. J., Chen, Y. & Smyth, G. K. Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, 4288\u20134297 (2012).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"75868_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T. et al. clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data. Innovation 2, 100141 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100141"},{"key":"75868_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","volume":"177","author":"T Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart, T. et al. Comprehensive integration of single-cell data. Cell 177, 1888\u20131902.e1821 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"75868_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01045-4","volume":"20","author":"S Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin, S., Plikus, M. V. & Nie, Q. CellChat for systematic analysis of cell-cell communication from single-cell transcriptomics. Nat. Protoc. 20, 180\u2013219 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"75868_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0969-x","volume":"566","author":"J Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao, J. et al. The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis. Nature 566, 496\u2013502 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"75868_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2136534","volume":"11","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Interactions between host epithelial cells and promote the emergence of highly antibiotic resistant and highly mucoid strains. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 11, 2556\u20132569 (2022).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"75868_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02362.x","volume":"323","author":"BA Eijkelkamp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eijkelkamp, B. A. et al. Adherence and motility characteristics of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 323, 44\u201351 (2011).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75868-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75868-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75868-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:03:59Z","timestamp":1787789039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-75868-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-75868-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"9117"}}