{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:06:06Z","timestamp":1789088766716,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-76191-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1786618430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The transmission-blocking dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum sexual-stage antibody responses in a six-year cohort of Ugandan children and adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara Lynn","family":"Blanken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience","family":"Nayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Briese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerine","family":"Nijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Teelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rianne","family":"Stoter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert-Jan","family":"van Gemert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Graumans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tate","family":"Oulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4500-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie","family":"Drammeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marloes","family":"de Bruijni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bolscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7575-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Cohee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjai","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah","family":"Sather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Molina-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8124-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Dechering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4863-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthijs M.","family":"Jore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2666-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teun","family":"Bousema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"76191_CR1","unstructured":"WHO, World Malaria Report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response. Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"76191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00072-4","volume":"21","author":"C Andolina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andolina, C. et al. Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: a longitudinal, observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, 1568\u20131578 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac169","volume":"226","author":"J Rek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rek, J. et al. Asymptomatic school-aged children are important drivers of malaria transmission in a high endemicity setting in Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 708\u2013713 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.09.008","volume":"41","author":"T Bousema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bousema, T. et al. Human immune responses that reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in African populations. Int J. Parasitol. 41, 293\u2013300 (2011).","journal-title":"Int J. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0","volume":"23","author":"SB Ouattara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ouattara, S. B. et al. A simple, field-applicable method to increase the infectivity of wild isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquito vectors. Malar. J. 23, 135 (2024).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"76191_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miura, K. et al. Qualification of standard membrane-feeding assay with plasmodium falciparum malaria and potential improvements for future assays. PLoS One 8, e57909 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057909"},{"key":"76191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.002","volume":"42","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Churcher, T. S. et al. Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission\u2014an analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay. Int J. Parasitol. 42, 1037\u20131044 (2012).","journal-title":"Int J. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healy, S. A. et al. Pfs230 yields higher malaria transmission-blocking vaccine activity than Pfs25 in humans but not mice. J Clin. Invest 131, e146221 (2021).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146221"},{"key":"76191_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00276-1","volume":"23","author":"I Sagara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sagara, I. et al. Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines Pfs230D1-EPA and Pfs25-EPA in Alhydrogel in healthy Malian adults; a phase 1, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 1266\u20131279 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00428-5","volume":"22","author":"SC Van der Boor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van der Boor, S. C. et al. Safety, tolerability, and Plasmodium falciparum transmission-reducing activity of monoclonal antibody TB31F: a single-centre, open-label, first-in-human, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial in healthy malaria-naive adults. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1596\u20131605 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkema, M. et al. A Pfs48\/45-based vaccine to block Plasmodium falciparum transmission: phase 1, open-label, clinical trial. BMC Med. 22, 170 (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03379-y"},{"key":"76191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiono, A. B. et al. A randomized first-in-human phase I trial of differentially adjuvanted Pfs48\/45 malaria vaccines in Burkinab\u00e9 adults. J. Clin. Invest. 134, e175707 (2024).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI175707"},{"key":"76191_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1987.tb00511.x","volume":"9","author":"N Kumar","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kumar, N. Target antigens of malaria transmission blocking immunity exist as a stable membrane bound complex. Parasite Immunol. 9, 321\u2013335 (1987).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.09.014","volume":"58","author":"ET Bekkering","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bekkering, E. T. et al. Cryo-EM structure of endogenous Pfs230:Pfs48\/45 complex with six antibodies reveals mechanisms of malaria transmission-blocking activity. Immunity 58, 2899\u20132916 (2025).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"76191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietrich, M. H. et al. Cryo-EM structure of endogenous Plasmodium falciparum Pfs230 and Pfs48\/45 fertilization complex. Science 389, eady0241 (2025).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady0241"},{"key":"76191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00199-4","volume":"104","author":"MR Van Dijk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Dijk, M. R. et al. A central role for P48\/45 in malaria parasite male gamete fertility. Cell 104, 153\u2013164 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"76191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05284.x","volume":"61","author":"S Eksi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eksi, S. et al. Malaria transmission-blocking antigen, Pfs230, mediates human red blood cell binding to exflagellating male parasites and oocyst production. Mol. Microbiol 61, 991\u2013998 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"76191_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo, A. L. et al. Modeling the impact of Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage immunity on the composition and dynamics of the human infectious reservoir for malaria in natural settings. PLOS Pathogens 14, e1007034 (2018).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007034"},{"key":"76191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bousema, T. et al. The dynamics of naturally acquired immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens Pfs230 & Pfs48\/45 in a low endemic area in Tanzania. PLoS One 5, e14114 (2010).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014114"},{"key":"76191_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, W. et al. Unravelling the immune signature of Plasmodium falciparum transmission-reducing immunity. Nat. Commun. 9, 558 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02646-2"},{"key":"76191_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.6.905","volume":"8","author":"RR Taylor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taylor, R. R. et al. Selective recognition of malaria antigens by human serum antibodies is not genetically determined but demonstrates some features of clonal imprinting. Int. Immunol. 8, 905\u2013915 (1996).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.03.007","volume":"71","author":"S Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones, S. et al. Naturally acquired antibody responses to recombinant Pfs230 and Pfs48\/45 transmission blocking vaccine candidates. J. Infect. 71, 117\u2013127 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"76191_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-54.x","volume":"18","author":"W Roeffen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roeffen, W. et al. Association between anti-Pfs48\/45 reactivity and P. falciparum transmission-blocking activity in sera from Cameroon. Parasite Immunol. 18, 103\u2013109 (1996).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeffen, W. et al. Transmission blocking immunity as observed in a feeder system and serological reactivity to Pfs 48\/45 and Pfs230 in field sera. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 89, 13\u201315 (1994).","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000600004"},{"key":"76191_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.05.004","volume":"36","author":"M Van der Kolk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van der Kolk, M., De Vlas, S. J. & Sauerwein, R. W. Reduction and enhancement of Plasmodium falciparum transmission by endemic human sera. Int J. Parasitol. 36, 1091\u20131095 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005041","volume":"119","author":"J Healer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Healer, J., McGuinness, D., Carter, D. & Riley, E. Transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-immune individuals is associated with antibodies to the gamete surface protein Pfs230. Parasitology 119, 425\u2013433 (1999).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"76191_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00818.x","volume":"28","author":"CJ Drakeley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drakeley, C. J. et al. Transmission-reducing immunity is inversely related to age in Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Parasite Immunol. 28, 185\u2013190 (2006).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.425","volume":"74","author":"T Bousema","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bousema, T. et al. Rapid onset of transmission-reducing antibodies in Javanese migrants exposed to malaria in Papua, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74, 425\u2013431 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"76191_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4398","volume":"92","author":"B Mulder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mulder, B. et al. Plasmodium falciparum: membrane feeding assays and competition ELISAs for the measurement of transmission reduction in sera from Cameroon. Exp. Parasitol. 92, 81\u201386 (1999).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00215.x","volume":"10","author":"PM Graves","year":"1988","unstructured":"Graves, P. M., Carter, R., Burkot, T. R., Quakyi, I. A. & Kumar, N. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigens in Papua New Guinea sera. Parasite Immunol. 10, 209\u20132018 (1988).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00302.x","volume":"16","author":"S Premawansa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Premawansa, S. et al. Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission-blocking immunity under conditions of low endemicity as in Sri Lanka. Parasite Immunol. 16, 35\u201342 (1994).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00948.x","volume":"29","author":"JT Bousema","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bousema, J. T. et al. A longitudinal study of immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens in Tanzanian adults. Parasite Immunol. 29, 309\u2013317 (2007).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, A. K. et al. Plasmodium falciparum Pf77 and male development gene 1 as vaccine antigens that induce potent transmission-reducing antibodies. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabg2112 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg2112"},{"key":"76191_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01056-13","volume":"81","author":"K Miura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miura, K. et al. Functional comparison of Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine candidates by the standard membrane-feeding assay. Infect. Immun. 81, 4377\u20134382 (2013).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"76191_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.024","volume":"21","author":"F Angrisano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Angrisano, F. et al. Targeting the Conserved Fusion Loop of HAP2 Inhibits the Transmission of Plasmodium berghei and falciparum. Cell Rep. 21, 2868\u20132878 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"76191_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canepa, G. E. et al. Antibody targeting of a specific region of Pfs47 blocks Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission. NPJ Vaccines. 3, 26 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0065-5"},{"key":"76191_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S. et al. Malaria parasites utilize two essential plasma membrane fusogens for gamete fertilization. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 79, 549 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04583-w"},{"key":"76191_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05509-z","volume":"612","author":"AR Gomes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gomes, A. R. et al. A transcriptional switch controls sex determination in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 612, 528\u2013533 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"76191_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0312","volume":"92","author":"MR Kamya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamya, M. R. et al. Malaria Transmission, Infection, and Disease at Three Sites with Varied Transmission Intensity in Uganda: Implications for Malaria Control. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 92, 903\u2013912 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"76191_CR40","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda, Uganda Clinical Guidelines, 2016. National Guidelines for Management of Common Conditions. Uganda, (2016)."},{"key":"76191_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1086\/315341","volume":"181","author":"D Dodoo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dodoo, D. et al. Naturally acquired antibodies to the glutamate-rich protein are associated with protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 181, 3 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05288-11","volume":"79","author":"AL Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo, A. L. et al. Naturally acquired immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens Pfs48\/45 and Pfs230 in an area of seasonal transmission. Infect. Immun. 79, 12 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"76191_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0250","volume":"103","author":"JI Nankabirwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nankabirwa, J. I. et al. Malaria transmission, infection, and disease following sustained indoor residual spraying of insecticide in Tororo, Uganda. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 103, 1525\u20131533 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"76191_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.11.003","volume":"35","author":"W Stone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stone, W., Bousema, T., Sauerwein, R. & Drakeley, C. Two-faced immunity? The evidence for antibody enhancement of malaria transmission. Trends Parasitol. 35, 140\u2013153 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1515-z","volume":"15","author":"K Miura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miura, K. et al. An inter-laboratory comparison of standard membrane-feeding assays for evaluation of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. Malar. J. 15, 463 (2016).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"76191_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulamba, C. et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking target proteins Pfs230D1M and Pfs48\/45 in Tanzanian populations of diverse malaria transmission intensity. Front. Immunol. 16, 1589061 (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1589061"},{"key":"76191_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1955-0","volume":"16","author":"FK Acquah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Acquah, F. K. et al. Antibody responses to two new Lactococcus lactis-produced recombinant Pfs48\/45 and Pfs230 proteins increase with age in malaria patients living in the Central Region of Ghana. Malar. J. 16, 306 (2017).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"76191_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.07.001","volume":"22","author":"C Drakeley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drakeley, C., Sutherland, C., Bousema, J. T., Sauerwein, R. W. & Targett, G. A. T. The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: weapons of mass dispersion. Trends Parasitol. 22, 424\u2013430 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0419-9","volume":"2","author":"MK Rono","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rono, M. K. et al. Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to its transmission environment. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 377\u2013387 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"76191_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006067","volume":"130","author":"M Van der Kolk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van der Kolk, M. et al. Evaluation of the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) for the determination of malaria transmission-reducing activity using empirical data. Parasitology 130, 13\u201322 (2005).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"76191_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2840","volume":"4","author":"AM Blagborough","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blagborough, A. M. et al. Transmission-blocking interventions eliminate malaria from laboratory populations. Nat. Commun. 4, 1812 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"76191_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.005","volume":"38","author":"MR Roe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roe, M. R., O\u2019Flaherty, K. & Fowkes, F. J. I. Can malaria parasites be spontaneously cleared? Trends Parasitol. 38, 356\u2013364 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broni, F. K. et al. Profiling the quality and quantity of naturally induced antibody responses against Pfs230 and Pfs48\/45 among non-febrile children living in southern Ghana: a longitudinal study. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 11, 770821 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.770821"},{"key":"76191_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayanful-Torgby, R. et al. Persistent Plasmodium falciparum infections enhance transmission-reducing immunity development. Sci. Rep 11, 21380 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00973-5"},{"key":"76191_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.009","volume":"56","author":"A Fabra-Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fabra-Garcia, A. et al. Highly potent, naturally acquired human monoclonal antibodies against Pfs48\/45 block Plasmodium falciparum transmission to mosquitoes. Immunity 56, 406\u2013419 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"76191_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4586","volume":"97","author":"W Roeffen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roeffen, W. et al. Plasmodium falciparum: production and characterization of rat monoclonal antibodies specific for the sexual-stage Pfs48\/45 antigen. Exp. Parasitol. 97, 45\u201349 (2001).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05105-11","volume":"18","author":"CE Farrance","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farrance, C. E. et al. A plant-produced Pfs230 vaccine candidate blocks transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 18, 1351\u20131357 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccin. Immunol."},{"key":"76191_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.013","volume":"56","author":"D Ivanochko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ivanochko, D. et al. Potent transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies from naturally exposed individuals target a conserved epitope on Plasmodium falciparum Pfs230. Immunity 56, 420\u2013432 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"76191_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21955-1","volume":"12","author":"CH Coelho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coelho, C. H. et al. A human monoclonal antibody blocks malaria transmission and defines a highly conserved neutralizing epitope on gametes. Nat. Commun. 12, 1750 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"76191_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inklaar, M. R. et al. Pfs230 domain 12 is a potent malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. Sci. Adv. 11, eadw8216 (2025).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw8216"},{"key":"76191_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Pfs230 Domains 7-10 encoded by DNA vaccines induce potent complement-independent transmission-blocking antibody against Plasmodium falciparum. J. Infect. Dis. 233, 912\u2013923 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf555"},{"key":"76191_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jong, R. M. et al. Heterologous Expression and Evaluation of Novel Plasmodium falciparum Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidates. Front. Immunol. 13, 909060 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.909060"},{"key":"76191_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.2.273","volume":"177","author":"Z Feng","year":"1993","unstructured":"Feng, Z. et al. Pfs2400 can mediate antibody-dependent malaria transmission inhibition and may be the Plasmodium falciparum 11.1 gene product. J. Exp. Med. 177, 273\u2013281 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"76191_CR64","unstructured":"De Jong, R. M. The long and winding path towards efficacious transmission blocking malaria vaccines Ch. 4 (Doctoral dissertation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 2023)."},{"key":"76191_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amen, A. et al. Target-agnostic identification of human antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sexual forms reveals cross-stage recognition of glutamate-rich repeats. Elife 13, RP97865 (2025).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97865"},{"key":"76191_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H. J. et al. Integrated pathogen load and dual transcriptome analysis of systemic host-pathogen interactions in severe malaria. Sci Transl. Med. 10, eaar3619 (2018).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar3619"},{"key":"76191_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, X. et al. The phosphatase inhibitor BVT-948 can be used to efficiently screen functional sexual development proteins in the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 26, 100563 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100563"},{"key":"76191_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, G. L., Smith, D. L. & Fidock, D. A. Malaria\u2019s missing number: calculating the human component of R0 by a within-host mechanistic model of Plasmodium falciparum infection and transmission. PLoS Comput. Biol. 9, e1003025 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003025"},{"key":"76191_CR69","unstructured":"Chan, J. et al. IgM plays a prominent role in naturally acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Preprint at https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2024.06.30.601434v1 (2024)."},{"key":"76191_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katureebe, G. et al. Measures of malaria burden after long-lasting insecticidal net distribution and indoor residual spraying at three sites in Uganda: A Prospective Observational Study. PLoS Med. 13, e1002167 (2016).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002167"},{"key":"76191_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rek, J. et al. Estimating the malaria attributable fraction of fever in cohort studies through a before and after comparison of impact: Nagongera, Tororo, Uganda 2011-2019. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2022.12.29.22284050v1 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.29.22284050"},{"key":"76191_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0225","volume":"97","author":"S Katrak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katrak, S. et al. Performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the identification of submicroscopic plasmodium falciparum Infection in Uganda. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97, 1777\u20131781 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"76191_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.03.020","volume":"32","author":"M Theisen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theisen, M. et al. A multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate targeting both transmission and asexual parasite life-cycle stages. Vaccine 32, 2623\u20132630 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"76191_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1325","volume":"107","author":"A Molina-Cruz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molina-Cruz, A. & Barillas-Mury, C. Pfs47 as a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine target. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 107, 27\u201331 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"76191_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14950.1","volume":"4","author":"L Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. Optimisation and standardisation of a multiplex immunoassay of diverse Plasmodium falciparum antigens to assess changes in malaria transmission using sero-epidemiology. Wellcome Open Res. 4, 26 (2019).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"76191_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18840-7","volume":"8","author":"L Meerstein-Kessel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meerstein-Kessel, L. et al. Probabilistic data integration identifies reliable gametocyte-specific proteins and transcripts in malaria parasites. Sci. Rep. 8, 410 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76191_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00644-15","volume":"83","author":"J Skinner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skinner, J. et al. Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte-Specific Antibody Profiling Reveals Boosting through Natural Infection and Identifies Potential Markers of Gametocyte Exposure. Infect. Immun. 83, 4229\u20134236 (2015).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"76191_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantzler, K. W. et al. Naturally acquired immunity against immature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav396 (2019).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3963"},{"key":"76191_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jong, R. M. et al. The acquisition of humoral immune responses targeting Plasmodium falciparum sexual stages in controlled human malaria infections. Front. Immunol. 13, 930956 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.930956"},{"key":"76191_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800194","volume":"8","author":"DL Doolan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doolan, D. L. et al. Profiling humoral immune responses to P. falciparum infection with protein microarrays. Proteomics 8, 4680\u20134694 (2008).","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"76191_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, M. E. et al. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, e47 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007"},{"key":"76191_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062065","volume":"98","author":"T Ponnudurai","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ponnudurai, T. et al. Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology 98, 165\u2013173 (1989).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"76191_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.10.004","volume":"186","author":"AM Vaughan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaughan, A. M. et al. A transgenic Plasmodium falciparum NF54 strain that expresses GFP-luciferase throughout the parasite life cycle. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 186, 143\u2013147 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"76191_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu271","volume":"210","author":"W Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone, W. et al. A scalable assessment of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in the standard membrane-feeding assay, using transgenic parasites expressing green fluorescent protein-luciferase. J. Infect. Dis. 210, 1456\u20131463 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"76191_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sep\u00falveda, N. et al. Current mathematical models for analyzing anti-malarial antibody data with an eye to malaria elimination and eradication. J. Immunol. Res. 2015, 738030 (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/738030"},{"key":"76191_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corran, P. H. et al. Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarial antibodies for epidemiological studies. Malar. J. 7, 195 (2008).","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-195"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-76191-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-76191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-76191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:07:22Z","timestamp":1789085242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-76191-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-76191-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"9711"}}