{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:01:32Z","timestamp":1790395292869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-77124-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T21:53:22Z","timestamp":1787435602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paracrystalline graphite with combined high strength, plasticity and anomalous conductivity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saisai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengfeng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luotian","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuyuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7775-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yankun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4308-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei Gennadievich","family":"Buga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir Davidovich","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3989-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingbing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"77124_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01339555","volume":"128","author":"R Hosemann","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hosemann, R. R\u00f6ntgeninterferenzen an Stoffen mit fl\u00fcssigkeitsstatistischen Gitterst\u00f6rungen. Z. Phys. 128, 1\u201335 (1950).","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01330029","volume":"128","author":"R Hosemann","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hosemann, R. Der ideale Parakristall und die von ihm gestreute koh\u00e4rente R\u00f6ntgenstrahlung. Z. Phys. 128, 465\u2013492 (1950).","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214780","volume":"335","author":"MMJ Treacy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treacy, M. M. J. & Borisenko, K. B. The local structure of amorphous silicon. Science 335, 950\u2013953 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"77124_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1219","volume":"3","author":"DB Miracle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miracle, D. B. A structural model for metallic glasses. Nat. Mater. 3, 697\u2013702 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1407319","volume":"90","author":"PM Voyles","year":"2001","unstructured":"Voyles, P. M. et al. Structure and physical properties of paracrystalline atomistic models of amorphous silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 4437\u20134451 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04122-w","volume":"599","author":"H Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, H. et al. Synthesis of paracrystalline diamond. Nature 599, 605\u2013610 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"77124_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01625-x","volume":"22","author":"H Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, H. et al. Toughening oxide glasses through paracrystallization. Nat. Mater. 22, 1189\u20131195 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36423-1","volume":"14","author":"X He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Pt-induced atomic-level tailoring towards paracrystalline high-entropy alloy. Nat. Commun. 14, 775 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"77124_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412850","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412850","volume":"37","author":"D Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan, D. et al. Durable organic coating-free superhydrophobic metal surface by paracrystalline state formation. Adv. Mater. 37, 2412850 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1021\/nn400280c","volume":"7","author":"SZ Butler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butler, S. Z. et al. Progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7, 2898\u20132926 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"77124_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.109","volume":"81","author":"AH Castro Neto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109\u2013162 (2009).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14994","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.14994","volume":"54","author":"Y Tateyama","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tateyama, Y., Ogitsu, T., Kusakabe, K. & Tsuneyuki, S. Constant-pressure first-principles studies on the transition states of the graphite-diamond transformation. Phys. Rev. B 54, 14994\u201315001 (1996).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"77124_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(96)00170-4","volume":"34","author":"FP Bundy","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bundy, F. P. et al. The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994. Carbon 34, 141\u2013153 (1996).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"77124_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15785","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.52.15785","volume":"52","author":"K Niwase","year":"1995","unstructured":"Niwase, K. Irradiation-induced amorphization of graphite. Phys. Rev. B 52, 15785\u201315798 (1995).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"77124_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03882-9","volume":"599","author":"Y Shang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shang, Y. et al. Ultrahard bulk amorphous carbon from collapsed fullerene. Nature 599, 599\u2013604 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"77124_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7212","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Nanoarchitectured materials composed of fullerene-like spheroids and disordered graphene layers with tunable mechanical properties. Nat. Commun. 6, 6212 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"77124_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200363","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200363","volume":"34","author":"B Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, B. et al. Sugar-derived isotropic nanoscale polycrystalline graphite capable of considerable plastic deformation. Adv. Mater. 34, 2200363 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0246126","volume":"137","author":"A Dernov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dernov, A., Kowalik, M., Van Duin, A. C. T. & Dumitric\u0103, T. Mapping the structural\u2013mechanical landscape of amorphous carbon with ReaxFF molecular dynamics. J. Appl. Phys. 137, 065107 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500188","volume":"27","author":"M Yao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yao, M. et al. Tailoring building blocks and their boundary interaction for the creation of new, potentially superhard, carbon materials. Adv. Mater. 27, 3962\u20133968 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.84.144106","volume":"84","author":"M Yao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yao, M. et al. Pressure-induced transformation in Na4C60 polymer: X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering experiments. Phys. Rev. B 84, 144106 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"77124_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706916","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706916","volume":"30","author":"M Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du, M. et al. New ordered structure of amorphous carbon clusters induced by fullerene-cubane reactions. Adv. Mater. 30, 1706916 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03653.x","volume":"180","author":"J Bruley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bruley, J., Williams, D. B., Cuomo, J. J. & Pappas, D. P. Quantitative near-edge structure analysis of diamond-like carbon in the electron microscope using a two-window method. J. Microsc. 180, 22\u201332 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"77124_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CE41266K","volume":"16","author":"U Ramamurty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramamurty, U. & Jang, J. Nanoindentation for probing the mechanical behavior of molecular crystals\u2013a review of the technique and how to use it. CrystEngComm 16, 12\u201323 (2014).","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"77124_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr4648","volume":"11","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. Unveiling high ductility in boron carbide crystal at room temperature. Sci. Adv. 11, eadr4648 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"77124_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2047","volume":"3","author":"K Madhav Reddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Madhav Reddy, K. et al. Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocrystalline boron carbide by nanoporosity and interface phases. Nat. Commun. 3, 1052 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"77124_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwab140","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab140","volume":"9","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Discovery of carbon-based strongest and hardest amorphous material. Natl. Sci. Rev. 9, nwab140 (2022).","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"77124_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04989","volume":"16","author":"JM Wheeler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheeler, J. M. et al. Approaching the limits of strength: measuring the uniaxial compressive strength of diamond at small scales. Nano Lett. 16, 812\u2013816 (2016).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"77124_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.119302","volume":"260","author":"K Kishida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kishida, K., Morisaki, M., Ito, M., Wang, Z. & Inui, H. Room-temperature deformation of single crystals of WC investigated by micropillar compression. Acta Mater. 260, 119302 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13092137","volume":"13","author":"R Pero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pero, R., Maizza, G., Montanari, R. & Ohmura, T. Nano-indentation properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt composites as a function of tungsten carbide crystal orientation. Materials 13, 2137 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"77124_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239745","volume":"341","author":"A Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai, A., Du, Z., Gan, C. L. & Schuh, C. A. Shape memory and superelastic ceramics at small scales. Science 341, 1505\u20131508 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"77124_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53026-6","volume":"15","author":"Y Aoki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aoki, Y., Masuda, H., Tochigi, E. & Yoshida, H. Overcoming the intrinsic brittleness of high-strength Al2O3\u2013GdAlO3 ceramics through refined eutectic microstructure. Nat. Commun. 15, 8700 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"77124_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.08.022","volume":"59","author":"S Korte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Korte, S., Ritter, M., Jiao, C., Midgley, P. A. & Clegg, W. J. Three-dimensional electron backscattered diffraction analysis of deformation in MgO micropillars. Acta Mater. 59, 7241\u20137254 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A257","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/25\/1A\/039","volume":"25","author":"MY Khan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Khan, M. Y., Brown, L. M. & Chaudhri, M. M. The effect of crystal orientation on the indentation cracking and hardness of MgO single crystals. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25, A257\u2013A265 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.13402","volume":"98","author":"T Csan\u00e1di","year":"2015","unstructured":"Csan\u00e1di, T. et al. Deformation and fracture of \u03b2-silicon nitride micropillars. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 98, 374\u2013377 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"77124_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02732.x","volume":"81","author":"J Dusza","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dusza, J. & Steen, M. Microhardness load size effect in individual grains of a gas pressure sintered silicon nitride. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 3022\u20133024 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"77124_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02704588","volume":"25","author":"SC Sharma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sharma, S. C., Gokhale, N. M., Dayal, R. & Lal, R. Synthesis, microstructure and mechanical properties of ceria stabilized tetragonal zirconia prepared by spray drying technique. Bull. Mater. Sci. 25, 15\u201320 (2002).","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"77124_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2012.05346.x","volume":"95","author":"C Shin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shin, C., Jin, H., Kim, W. & Park, J. Mechanical properties and deformation of cubic silicon carbide micropillars in compression at room temperature. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 2944\u20132950 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"77124_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(83)90103-5","volume":"58","author":"DF Baker","year":"1983","unstructured":"Baker, D. F. & Bragg, R. H. The electrical conductivity and Hall effect of glassy carbon. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 58, 57\u201369 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"77124_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6227","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.57.6227","volume":"57","author":"L Edman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Edman, L., Sundqvist, B., McRae, E. & Litvin-Staszewska, E. Electrical resistivity of single-crystal graphite under pressure: an anisotropic three-dimensional semimetal. Phys. Rev. B 57, 6227\u20136230 (1998).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"77124_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.57.287","volume":"57","author":"PA Lee","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lee, P. A. & Ramakrishnan, T. V. Disordered electronic systems. Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 287\u2013337 (1985).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3697(99)00356-X","volume":"61","author":"SG Buga","year":"2000","unstructured":"Buga, S. G. et al. Semimetallic and semiconductor properties of some superhard and ultrahard fullerites in the range 300\u20132 K. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 1009\u20131015 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"77124_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.27.1326","volume":"27","author":"C Uher","year":"1983","unstructured":"Uher, C. & Sander, L. M. Unusual temperature dependence of the resistivity of exfoliated graphites. Phys. Rev. B 27, 1326\u20131332 (1983).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"77124_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120428","volume":"242","author":"T Tomaru","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tomaru, T. et al. Effects of chemical structure of mesogenic components on the mechanical properties of mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber. Carbon 242, 120428 (2025).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"77124_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(97)00234-0","volume":"36","author":"VD Blank","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blank, V. D. et al. High-pressure polymerized phases of C60. Carbon 36, 319\u2013343 (1998).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"77124_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/0895795032000102450","volume":"23","author":"SG Buga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buga, S. G. et al. Synthesis of superhard 3D-polymeric C60 fullerites from rhombohedral 2D-polymer by high-pressure-high-temperature treatment. High Press Res. 23, 259\u2013264 (2003).","journal-title":"High Press Res."},{"key":"77124_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.09.029","volume":"52","author":"C Lepoittevin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lepoittevin, C., \u00c1lvarez-Murga, M., Marques, L., Mezouar, M. & Hodeau, J. L. Structural characterization of corrugated anisotropic graphene-based carbons obtained from the collapse of 2D C60 polymers. Carbon 52, 278\u2013287 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"77124_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889810050399","volume":"44","author":"M \u00c1lvarez-Murga","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Murga, M. et al. Microstructural mapping of C60 phase transformation into disordered graphite at high pressure, using X-ray diffraction microtomography. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 44, 163\u2013171 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"77124_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-025-02320-w","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Temperature-density dependent hidden order of amorphous carbon. Commun. Phys. 8, 420 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"77124_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"098104","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/ad58c6","volume":"33","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Pressure generation under deformation in a large-volume press. Chin. Phys. B 33, 098104 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"77124_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"080701","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/37\/8\/080701","volume":"37","author":"Y Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang, Y. et al. Pressure generation above 35 GPa in a Walker-type large-volume press. Chin. Phys. Lett. 37, 080701 (2020).","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"77124_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0452-1","volume":"12","author":"T Ishii","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishii, T. et al. Sharp 660-km discontinuity controlled by extremely narrow binary post-spinel transition. Nat. Geosci. 12, 869\u2013872 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"77124_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4941716","volume":"87","author":"T Ishii","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishii, T. et al. Generation of pressures over 40 GPa using Kawai-type multi-anvil press with tungsten carbide anvils. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 024501 (2016).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"77124_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889803017564","volume":"36","author":"PJ Chupas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chupas, P. J. et al. Rapid-acquisition pair distribution function (RA-PDF) analysis. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 36, 1342\u20131347 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"77124_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2015.1059835","volume":"35","author":"C Prescher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prescher, C. & Prakapenka, V. B. DIOPTAS: a program for reduction of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction data and data exploration. High Press Res. 35, 223\u2013230 (2015).","journal-title":"High Press Res."},{"key":"77124_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889804011744","volume":"37","author":"X Qiu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Qiu, X., Thompson, J. W. & Billinge, S. J. L. PDFgetX2: a GUI-driven program to obtain the pair distribution function from X-ray powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 37, 678 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"77124_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927621000477","volume":"27","author":"BH Savitzky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savitzky, B. H. et al. py4DSTEM: a software package for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy data analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 27, 712\u2013743 (2021).","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"77124_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0387-3","volume":"18","author":"O Panova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panova, O. et al. Diffraction imaging of nanocrystalline structures in organic semiconductor molecular thin films. Nat. Mater. 18, 860\u2013865 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/344423a0","volume":"344","author":"DA Keen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Keen, D. A. & McGreevy, R. L. Structural modelling of glasses using reverse Monte Carlo simulation. Nature 344, 423\u2013425 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"77124_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013804","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.6.013804","volume":"6","author":"A Bochkarev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bochkarev, A. et al. Efficient parametrization of the atomic cluster expansion. Phys. Rev. Mater. 6, 013804 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"77124_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa680e","volume":"29","author":"A Hjorth Larsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hjorth Larsen, A. et al. The atomic simulation environment\u2014a Python library for working with atoms. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 273002 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"77124_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.06024","volume":"9","author":"FL Johansen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johansen, F. L. et al. A GPU-accelerated open-source Python package for calculating powder diffraction, small-angle-, and total scattering with the Debye scattering equation. J. Open Source Softw. 9, 6024 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"77124_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.13015.1","volume":"1","author":"J Madsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madsen, J. & Susi, T. The abTEM code: transmission electron microscopy from first principles. Open Res. Eur. 1, 24 (2021).","journal-title":"Open Res. Eur."},{"key":"77124_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055007","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/24\/5\/055007","volume":"24","author":"PM Larsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larsen, P. M., Schmidt, S. & Schi\u00f8tz, J. Robust structural identification via polyhedral template matching. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 24, 055007 (2016).","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"77124_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015012","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/18\/1\/015012","volume":"18","author":"A Stukowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stukowski, A. Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO\u2013the Open Visualization Tool. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18, 015012 (2010).","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"77124_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065009","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-651X\/ab9dd9","volume":"28","author":"N Amigo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amigo, N. Crystalline structure and grain boundary identification in nanocrystalline aluminum using K-means clustering. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 28, 065009 (2020).","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"77124_CR66","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-77124-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-77124-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-77124-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:43:16Z","timestamp":1790394196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-026-77124-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["77124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-77124-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"10087"}}