{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:50:11Z","timestamp":1793976611647,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical and long-term care for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias (ADRDs) can impose a large economic burden on individuals and societies. We estimated the per capita cost of ADRDs care in the in the United States in 2016 and projected future aggregate care costs during 2020\u20132060. Based on a previously published methodology, we used U.S. Health and Retirement Survey (2010\u20132016) longitudinal data to estimate formal and informal care costs. In 2016, the estimated per patient cost of formal care was $28,078 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $25,893\u2013$30,433), and informal care cost valued in terms of replacement cost and forgone wages was $36,667 ($34,025\u2013$39,473) and $15,792 ($12,980\u2013$18,713), respectively. Aggregate formal care cost and formal plus informal care cost using replacement cost and forgone wage methods were $196 billion (95% uncertainty range [UR]: $179\u2013$213 billion), $450 billion ($424\u2013$478 billion), and $305 billion ($278\u2013$333 billion), respectively, in 2020. These were projected to increase to $1.4 trillion ($837 billion\u2013$2.2 trillion), $3.3 trillion ($1.9\u2013$5.1 trillion), and $2.2 trillion ($1.3\u2013$3.5 trillion), respectively, in 2060.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00136-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1707393751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Cost of care for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in the United States: 2016 to 2060"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arindam","family":"Nandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Counts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Br\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Klusty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Seligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tortorice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"136_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects. 2019. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Publications\/ (accessed April 6, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR2","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2022 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures: 2022. https:\/\/www.alz.org\/media\/Documents\/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf (accessed April 22, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362","volume":"17","author":"KB Rajan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajan, K. B. et al. Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020-2060). Alzheimers Dement 17, 1966\u20131975 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006148","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006148","volume":"2","author":"R Tarawneh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tarawneh, R. & Holtzman, D. M. The clinical problem of symptomatic Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2, a006148 (2012).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2017.1313118","volume":"17","author":"A Deb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deb, A., Thornton, J. D., Sambamoorthi, U. & Innes, K. Direct and indirect cost of managing alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in the United States. Expert. Rev. Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 17, 189\u2013202 (2017).","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res."},{"key":"136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204629","volume":"368","author":"MD Hurd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hurd, M. D., Martorell, P., Delavande, A., Mullen, K. J. & Langa, K. M. Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 1326\u20131334 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12062-015-9112-4","volume":"8","author":"MD Hurd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hurd, M. D., Martorell, P. & Langa, K. Future Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States under Alternative Dementia Prevalence Scenarios. J. Popul. Ageing 8, 101\u2013112 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Popul. Ageing"},{"key":"136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1515\/fhep-2014-0013","volume":"18","author":"J Zissimopoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zissimopoulos, J., Crimmins, E. & St Clair, P. The Value of Delaying Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Onset. Forum Health Econ. Policy 18, 25\u201339 (2014).","journal-title":"Forum Health Econ. Policy"},{"key":"136_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068","volume":"16","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2020 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer Dementia 16, 391\u2013460 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dementia"},{"key":"136_CR10","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. Changing the Trajectory of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: How a Treatment by 2025 Saves Lives and Dollars (Alzheimer\u2019s Association, 2015)."},{"key":"136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8229","volume":"3","author":"LG Burke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burke, L. G., Burke, R. C., Epstein, S. K., Orav, E. J. & Jha, A. K. Trends in Costs of Care for Medicare Beneficiaries Treated in the Emergency Department From 2011 to 2016. JAMA Network Open 3, e208229 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"136_CR12","first-page":"800","volume":"25","author":"B Pyenson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pyenson, B. et al. The Real-World Medicare Costs of Alzheimer Disease: Considerations for Policy and Care. J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm. 25, 800\u2013809 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"key":"136_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.004","volume":"11","author":"GB Rattinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rattinger, G. B. et al. Dementia severity and the longitudinal costs of informal care in the Cache County population. Alzheimers Dement 11, 946\u2013954 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.06.001","volume":"25","author":"Z Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Z. & Levey, A. Gender Differences: A Lifetime Analysis of the Economic Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Womens Health Issues 25, 436\u2013440 (2015).","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.12.018","volume":"11","author":"CW Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, C. W. et al. Health-care use and cost in dementia caregivers: Longitudinal results from the Predictors Caregiver Study. Alzheimers Dement 11, 444\u2013454 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.373","volume":"3","author":"AT Joyce","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joyce, A. T. et al. Burden of illness among commercially insured patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement 3, 204\u2013210 (2007).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318178940b","volume":"46","author":"T-C Kuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuo, T.-C., Zhao, Y., Weir, S., Kramer, M. S. & Ash, A. S. Implications of comorbidity on costs for patients with Alzheimer disease. Med. Care 46, 839\u2013846 (2008).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.478","volume":"171","author":"KS Goldfeld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldfeld, K. S., Stevenson, D. G., Hamel, M. B. & Mitchell, S. L. Medicare expenditures among nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Arch. Intern. Med. 171, 824\u2013830 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318209dce4","volume":"20","author":"MF Bharmal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bharmal, M. F. et al. Incremental Dementia-Related Expenditures in a Medicaid Population. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20, 73\u201383 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513488911","volume":"28","author":"BT Suehs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suehs, B. T. et al. The clinical and economic burden of newly diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease in a medicare advantage population. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 28, 384\u2013392 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0381","volume":"163","author":"AS Kelley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelley, A. S., McGarry, K., Gorges, R. & Skinner, J. S. The Burden of Health Care Costs in the Last 5 Years of Life. Ann Intern. Med. 163, 729\u2013736 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann Intern. Med."},{"key":"136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv124","volume":"70","author":"CW Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, C. W. et al. Medicare Utilization and Expenditures Around Incident Dementia in a Multiethnic Cohort. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 70, 1448\u20131453 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14227","volume":"64","author":"P-J Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, P.-J., Zhong, Y., Fillit, H. M., Chen, E. & Neumann, P. J. Medicare Expenditures of Individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias or Mild Cognitive Impairment Before and After Diagnosis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 64, 1549\u20131557 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01365.x","volume":"47","author":"Z Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, K., Lin, P.-J., Clevenger, C. & Atherly, A. A Longitudinal Analysis of the Lifetime Cost of Dementia. Health Serv. Res. 47, 1660\u20131678 (2012).","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1286454","volume":"22","author":"A Deb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deb, A., Sambamoorthi, U., Thornton, J. D., Schreurs, B. & Innes, K. Direct medical expenditures associated with Alzheimer\u2019s and related dementias (ADRD) in a nationally representative sample of older adults \u2013 an excess cost approach. Aging Ment Health 22, 619\u2013624 (2018).","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"136_CR26","first-page":"e247","volume":"25","author":"P Fishman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fishman, P. et al. Cost of Dementia in Medicare Managed Care: A Systematic Literature Review. Am. J. Manag. Care 25, e247\u2013e253 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, K., Guterman, S.& Bandeali, F. The Affordable Care Act and Medicare: How the Law Is Changing the Program and the Challenges That Remain (Commonwealth Fund, 2015).","DOI":"10.15868\/socialsector.25093"},{"key":"136_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17746","author":"M Oney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oney, M., White, L. & Coe, N. B. Out-of-pocket costs attributable to dementia: A longitudinal analysis. J. Am. Geriatrics Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17746 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatrics Soc."},{"key":"136_CR29","unstructured":"Bloom, D. E., Counts, N., Nandi, A., Tortorice, D.& Vigo, D. How to address Alzheimer\u2019s disease and support healthier ageing (World Economic Forum, 2022). https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/02\/this-is-how-to-address-a-global-alzheimers-disease\/ (accessed March 25, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR30","unstructured":"Bloom, D. et al. Addressing Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias to realise the promise of the UN\u2019s \u2018Decade of Healthy Ageing\u2019 (VoxEU, 2021). https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/alzheimer-s-and-un-s-decade-healthy-ageing (accessed May 14, 2021)."},{"key":"136_CR31","first-page":"54","volume":"58","author":"N Counts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Counts, N., Nandi, A., Seligman, B. & Tortorice, D. Dementia Storm on the Horizon: The rising incidence of dementia around the world calls for global collaboration and decisive financing. Finance Dev. 58, 54\u201357 (2021).","journal-title":"Finance Dev."},{"key":"136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01763","volume":"41","author":"M Hartman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartman, M., Martin, A. B., Washington, B., Catlin, A. & The, N. H. E. A. T. National Health Care Spending In 2020: Growth Driven By Federal Spending In Response To The COVID-19 Pandemic. Health Affairs 41, 13\u201325 (2022).","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.255","volume":"159","author":"Z Zafari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zafari, Z., Li, S., Eakin, M. N., Bellanger, M. & Reed, R. M. Projecting Long-term Health and Economic Burden of COPD in the United States. Chest 159, 1400\u20131410 (2021).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"136_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1226","volume":"42","author":"TM Dall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dall, T. M. et al. The Economic Burden of Elevated Blood Glucose Levels in 2017: Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and Prediabetes. Diabetes Care 42, 1661\u20131668 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"136_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101580","volume":"51","author":"A Nandi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nandi, A. et al. Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: A value of statistical life approach. eClinicalMedicine 51, 101580 (2022).","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"136_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.12.006","volume":"14","author":"J Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia, J. et al. The cost of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide. Alzheimers Dement 14, 483\u2013491 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR37","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI Inflation Calculator. 2022. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/data\/inflation_calculator.htm (accessed April 23, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston, G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 396, 413\u2013446 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"136_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.08.009","volume":"4","author":"C Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, C. & Zissimopoulos, J. M. Racial and ethnic differences in trends in dementia prevalence and risk factors in the United States. Alzheimer Dementia 4, 510\u2013520 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dementia"},{"key":"136_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3063","volume":"15","author":"KA Matthews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matthews, K. A. et al. Racial and ethnic estimates of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in the United States (2015\u20132060) in adults aged \u226565 years. Alzheimers Dement 15, 17\u201324 (2019).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"136_CR41","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. Women and Alzheimer\u2019s. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia. 2022. https:\/\/alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\/women-and-alzheimer-s (accessed April 23, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00524-9","volume":"397","author":"C Mikton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mikton, C., de la Fuente-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, V., Officer, A. & Krug, E. Ageism: a social determinant of health that has come of age. Lancet 397, 1333\u20131334 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"136_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30170-6","volume":"3","author":"S Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, S., Kuhn, M., Prettner, K. & Bloom, D. E. The global macroeconomic burden of road injuries: estimates and projections for 166 countries. Lancet Planet. Health 3, e390\u2013e398 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"136_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000087448","volume":"25","author":"KM Langa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Langa, K. M. et al. The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study: study design and methods. Neuroepidemiology 25, 181\u2013191 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"136_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318203f208","volume":"25","author":"T Okura","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okura, T. & Langa, K. M. Caregiver Burden and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS). Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 25, 116\u2013121 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"136_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i162","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr048","volume":"66B","author":"EM Crimmins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., Langa, K. M. & Weir, D. R. Assessment of Cognition Using Surveys and Neuropsychological Assessment: The Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 66B, i162\u2013i171 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"136_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.11.007","volume":"7","author":"R Brookmeyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brookmeyer, R. et al. National estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the United States. Alzheimer Dementia 7, 61\u201373 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dementia"},{"key":"136_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","volume":"43","author":"A Sonnega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnega, A. et al. Cohort Profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 576\u2013585 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"136_CR49","unstructured":"Genworth. Cost of Long Term Care by State. 2022. https:\/\/www.genworth.com\/aging-and-you\/finances\/cost-of-care.html (accessed April 22, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR50","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Databases: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2022. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cpi\/data.htm (accessed June 9, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR51","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Diseases Results Tool. GBD Results Tool. 2019. http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool."},{"key":"136_CR52","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States. 2022. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045221 (accessed April 22, 2022)."},{"key":"136_CR53","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Medical care in U.S. city average, all urban consumers, not seasonally adjusted. 2022. https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/ (accessed May 10, 2023)."},{"key":"136_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0976","volume":"79","author":"RA Nianogo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nianogo, R. A. et al. Risk Factors Associated With Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias by Sex and Race and Ethnicity in the US. JAMA Neurol. 79, 584\u2013591 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"136_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000866","volume":"56","author":"JC Lima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lima, J. C., Ogarek, J. & Mor, V. Untapped Potential \u2013 Using the HRS-Medicare Linked Files to Study the Changing Nursing Home Population. Med. Care 56, 216\u2013219 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"136_CR56","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Nursing Home Data Compendium 2015 (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2015)."},{"key":"136_CR57","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. The Older Population: 2010 (US Department of Commerce, 2011)."}],"container-title":["npj Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-024-00136-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-024-00136-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-024-00136-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T16:04:37Z","timestamp":1707667477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-024-00136-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41514-024-00136-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.N., D.T., and D.E.B. consult for and J.K. is employed by Data for Decisions, LLC, whose clients include GSK, Merck, and Pfizer. These entities did not fund the research in this manuscript. B.S. has done pro bono advisory work for Ceresti Health, which did not fund the research in this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflict of interest. This publication does not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Government.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}