{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:47:37Z","timestamp":1792201657843,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Aging"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-026-00424-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:06:22Z","timestamp":1780502782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting mitophagy for neuroprotection: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongwei","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiming","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79876","volume":"13","author":"Y Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Cellular mitophagy: Mechanism, roles in diseases and small molecule pharmacological regulation. Theranostics 13, 736\u2013766 (2023).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"424_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104705","volume":"40","author":"M Onishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onishi, M., Yamano, K., Sato, M., Matsuda, N. & Okamoto, K. Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy. Embo j. 40, e104705 (2021).","journal-title":"Embo j."},{"key":"424_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200809125","volume":"183","author":"D Narendra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Narendra, D., Tanaka, A., Suen, D. F. & Youle, R. J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 183, 795\u2013803 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-023-03904-0","volume":"48","author":"S Moradi Vastegani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moradi Vastegani, S. et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Neurochem. Res. 48, 2285\u20132308 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"424_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.024","volume":"132","author":"JS Kang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kang, J. S. et al. Docking of axonal mitochondria by syntaphilin controls their mobility and affects short-term facilitation. Cell 132, 137\u2013148 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10234","volume":"476","author":"JM Baughman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baughman, J. M. et al. Integrative genomics identifies MCU as an essential component of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Nature 476, 341\u2013345 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04723","volume":"441","author":"M Komatsu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Komatsu, M. et al. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature 441, 880\u2013884 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.06.034","volume":"87","author":"AM Pickrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pickrell, A. M. et al. Endogenous Parkin Preserves Dopaminergic Substantia Nigral Neurons following Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenic Stress. Neuron 87, 371\u2013381 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"424_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201605101","volume":"214","author":"B Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou, B. et al. Facilitation of axon regeneration by enhancing mitochondrial transport and rescuing energy deficits. J. Cell Biol. 214, 103\u2013119 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00562-w","volume":"24","author":"H Yamamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yamamoto, H., Zhang, S. & Mizushima, N. Autophagy genes in biology and disease. Nat. Rev. Genet 24, 382\u2013400 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"424_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601963","volume":"27","author":"G Twig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Twig, G. et al. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy. Embo j. 27, 433\u2013446 (2008).","journal-title":"Embo j."},{"key":"424_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008084","volume":"191","author":"SM Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jin, S. M. et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL. J. Cell Biol. 191, 933\u2013942 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13392","volume":"510","author":"F Koyano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koyano, F. et al. Ubiquitin is phosphorylated by PINK1 to activate parkin. Nature 510, 162\u2013166 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.09.007","volume":"56","author":"A Ordureau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ordureau, A. et al. Quantitative proteomics reveal a feedforward mechanism for mitochondrial PARKIN translocation and ubiquitin chain synthesis. Mol. Cell 56, 360\u2013375 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"424_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14893","volume":"524","author":"M Lazarou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lazarou, M. et al. The ubiquitin kinase PINK1 recruits autophagy receptors to induce mitophagy. Nature 524, 309\u2013314 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","volume":"392","author":"T Kitada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kitada, T. et al. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392, 605\u2013608 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/77060","volume":"25","author":"H Shimura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shimura, H. et al. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat. Genet 25, 302\u2013305 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"424_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096284","volume":"304","author":"EM Valente","year":"2004","unstructured":"Valente, E. M. et al. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 304, 1158\u20131160 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"424_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.129","volume":"19","author":"JW Harper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harper, J. W., Ordureau, A. & Heo, J. M. Building and decoding ubiquitin chains for mitophagy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 19, 93\u2013108 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1489477","volume":"14","author":"G Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. PTEN\u03b1 regulates mitophagy and maintains mitochondrial quality control. Autophagy 14, 1742\u20131760 (2018).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"424_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3489","volume":"16","author":"VS Burchell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burchell, V. S. et al. The Parkinson\u2019s disease-linked proteins Fbxo7 and Parkin interact to mediate mitophagy. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1257\u20131265 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2012","volume":"12","author":"S Geisler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geisler, S. et al. PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62\/SQSTM1. Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 119\u2013131 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.01.020","volume":"33","author":"V Kirkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirkin, V. et al. A role for NBR1 in autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. Mol. Cell 33, 505\u2013516 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"424_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911187107","volume":"107","author":"C Vives-Bauza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vives-Bauza, C. et al. PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 378\u2013383 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709336105","volume":"105","author":"AC Poole","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poole, A. C. et al. The PINK1\/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1638\u20131643 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.018","volume":"147","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. PINK1 and Parkin target Miro for phosphorylation and degradation to arrest mitochondrial motility. Cell 147, 893\u2013906 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405752111","volume":"111","author":"YC Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong, Y. C. & Holzbaur, E. L. Optineurin is an autophagy receptor for damaged mitochondria in parkin-mediated mitophagy that is disrupted by an ALS-linked mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, E4439\u2013E4448 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.08.016","volume":"60","author":"JM Heo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heo, J. M., Ordureau, A., Paulo, J. A., Rinehart, J. & Harper, J. W. The PINK1-PARKIN Mitochondrial Ubiquitylation Pathway Drives a Program of OPTN\/NDP52 Recruitment and TBK1 Activation to Promote Mitophagy. Mol. Cell 60, 7\u201320 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"424_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01958","volume":"3","author":"J Yun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yun, J. et al. MUL1 acts in parallel to the PINK1\/parkin pathway in regulating mitofusin and compensates for loss of PINK1\/parkin. eLife 3, e01958 (2014).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"424_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024367","volume":"6","author":"F Tang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. RNF185, a novel mitochondrial ubiquitin E3 ligase, regulates autophagy through interaction with BNIP1. PLoS One 6, e24367 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"424_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05722-3","volume":"9","author":"A Di Rita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Rita, A. et al. HUWE1 E3 ligase promotes PINK1\/PARKIN-independent mitophagy by regulating AMBRA1 activation via IKK\u03b1. Nat. Commun. 9, 3755 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.039","volume":"166","author":"D Matheoud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matheoud, D. et al. Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Related Proteins PINK1 and Parkin Repress Mitochondrial Antigen Presentation. Cell 166, 314\u2013327 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshima, Y. et al. Parkin-independent mitophagy via Drp1-mediated outer membrane severing and inner membrane ubiquitination. J. Cell Biol. 220, e202006043 (2021).","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202006043"},{"key":"424_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.202","volume":"31","author":"E Area-Gomez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Area-Gomez, E. et al. Upregulated function of mitochondria-associated ER membranes in Alzheimer disease. Embo j. 31, 4106\u20134123 (2012).","journal-title":"Embo j."},{"key":"424_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1193656","volume":"12","author":"W Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, W. et al. FUNDC1 is a novel mitochondrial-associated-membrane (MAM) protein required for hypoxia-induced mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Autophagy 12, 1675\u20131676 (2016).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"424_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101792","volume":"38","author":"Y Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai, Y. et al. FUNDC1-dependent mitophagy induced by tPA protects neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Redox Biol. 38, 101792 (2021).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"424_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19094","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.322933","volume":"287","author":"RA Hanna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hanna, R. A. et al. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interacts with Bnip3 protein to selectively remove endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria via autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 19094\u201319104 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44373","volume":"7","author":"B Koentjoro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koentjoro, B., Park, J. S. & Sue, C. M. Nix restores mitophagy and mitochondrial function to protect against PINK1\/Parkin-related Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep. 7, 44373 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"424_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8527","volume":"6","author":"T Murakawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murakawa, T. et al. Bcl-2-like protein 13 is a mammalian Atg32 homologue that mediates mitophagy and mitochondrial fragmentation. Nat. Commun. 6, 7527 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201643147","volume":"18","author":"Z Bhujabal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhujabal, Z. et al. FKBP8 recruits LC3A to mediate Parkin-independent mitophagy. EMBO Rep. 18, 947\u2013961 (2017).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"424_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.042","volume":"168","author":"Y Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Chiang, W. C., Sumpter, R. Jr., Mishra, P. & Levine, B. Prohibitin 2 Is an Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Mitophagy Receptor. Cell 168, 224\u2013238.e210 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.050","volume":"25","author":"C Pacelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pacelli, C. et al. Elevated Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Axonal Arborization Size Are Key Contributors to the Vulnerability of Dopamine Neurons. Curr. Biol. 25, 2349\u20132360 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"424_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12646","volume":"7","author":"X Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. VCP recruitment to mitochondria causes mitophagy impairment and neurodegeneration in models of Huntington\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 7, 12646 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12748","volume":"504","author":"SA Hasson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasson, S. A. et al. High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy. Nature 504, 291\u2013295 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2012.10.006","volume":"23","author":"K Itoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Itoh, K., Nakamura, K., Iijima, M. & Sesaki, H. Mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 23, 64\u201371 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"424_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14487","volume":"521","author":"JN Guzman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guzman, J. N. et al. Corrigendum: Oxidant stress evoked by pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons is attenuated by DJ-1. Nature 521, 380 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.042","volume":"156","author":"V Rangaraju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rangaraju, V., Calloway, N. & Ryan, T. A. Activity-driven local ATP synthesis is required for synaptic function. Cell 156, 825\u2013835 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2196889","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. CircEPS15, as a sponge of MIR24-3p ameliorates neuronal damage in Parkinson disease through boosting PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitophagy. Autophagy 19, 2520\u20132537 (2023).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"424_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, T. et al. Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning Aggravates Death of Oligodendrocytes. Biomolecules 12, 1872 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121872"},{"key":"424_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.11.006","volume":"195","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Fu, A. K. Y. & Ip, N. Y. Synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Pharm. Ther. 195, 186\u2013198 (2019).","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"424_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00478-9","volume":"16","author":"JA Chu-Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu-Tan, J. A. et al. Functional microRNA targetome undergoes degeneration-induced shift in the retina. Mol. Neurodegener. 16, 60 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"424_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0332-9","volume":"22","author":"EF Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang, E. F. et al. Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 401\u2013412 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14300","volume":"521","author":"K Palikaras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palikaras, K., Lionaki, E. & Tavernarakis, N. Coordination of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis during ageing in C. elegans. Nature 521, 525\u2013528 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011707","volume":"5","author":"X Kong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kong, X. et al. Sirtuin 3, a new target of PGC-1alpha, plays an important role in the suppression of ROS and mitochondrial biogenesis. PLoS One 5, e11707 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"424_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.21","volume":"17","author":"AP West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West, A. P. & Shadel, G. S. Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 363\u2013375 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"424_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.12.001","volume":"41","author":"CS Dela Cruz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dela Cruz, C. S. & Kang, M. J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mitochondrion 41, 37\u201344 (2018).","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"424_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04211-7","volume":"79","author":"AC Pereira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pereira, A. C. et al. ER-mitochondria communication is involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation under stress conditions in the innate immune system. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 79, 213 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"424_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09346-8","volume":"644","author":"DA Sliter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sliter, D. A. et al. Retraction Note: Parkin and PINK1 mitigate STING-induced inflammation. Nature 644, 1116 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1980","volume":"12","author":"K Nakahira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakahira, K. et al. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat. Immunol. 12, 222\u2013230 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"424_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00933-z","volume":"7","author":"Q Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, Q. et al. PINK1-mediated Drp1(S616) phosphorylation modulates synaptic development and plasticity via promoting mitochondrial fission. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 7, 103 (2022).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"424_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1810919","volume":"16","author":"S Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, S., Jeong, Y. Y., Sheshadri, P. & Cai, Q. Mitophagy coordination with retrograde transport ensures the integrity of synaptic mitochondria. Autophagy 16, 1925\u20131927 (2020).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"424_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae241","volume":"148","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. BOK-engaged mitophagy alleviates neuropathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 148, 432\u2013447 (2025).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"424_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000298","volume":"8","author":"DP Narendra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narendra, D. P. et al. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000298 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"424_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.01.016","volume":"159","author":"Y Imai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imai, Y. PINK1-Parkin signaling in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Lessons from Drosophila. Neurosci. Res 159, 40\u201346 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"424_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1611958","volume":"17","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. MFN2-a multifaceted guardian against Parkinson\u2019s pathophysiology: mitochondria, ferroptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Aging Neurosci. 17, 1611958 (2025).","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Austria, Q., Wang, W. & Zhu, X. Mfn2 Overexpression Attenuates MPTP Neurotoxicity In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 601 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020601"},{"key":"424_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/loae040","volume":"4","author":"YL Cho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cho, Y. L. et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates mitophagy by maintaining PINK1 stability. Life Metab. 4, loae040 (2025).","journal-title":"Life Metab."},{"key":"424_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.256","volume":"11","author":"I Novak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novak, I. et al. Nix is a selective autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance. EMBO Rep. 11, 45\u201351 (2010).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"424_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12325","volume":"20","author":"RY Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi, R. Y. et al. BNIP3 interacting with LC3 triggers excessive mitophagy in delayed neuronal death in stroke. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 20, 1045\u20131055 (2014).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"424_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2039","volume":"10","author":"LR Aminova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aminova, L. R., Siddiq, A. & Ratan, R. R. Antioxidants, HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors or short interfering RNAs to BNIP3 or PUMA, can prevent prodeath effects of the transcriptional activator, HIF-1alpha, in a mouse hippocampal neuronal line. Antioxid. Redox Signal 10, 1989\u20131998 (2008).","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"424_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.475129","volume":"38","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, S., Ma, X. & Kong, J. BNIP3 upregulation and EndoG translocation in delayed neuronal death in stroke and in hypoxia. Stroke 38, 1606\u20131613 (2007).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"424_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-113","volume":"10","author":"ST Zhao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhao, S. T. et al. Mitochondrial BNIP3 upregulation precedes endonuclease G translocation in hippocampal neuronal death following oxygen-glucose deprivation. BMC Neurosci. 10, 113 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01082-7","volume":"42","author":"P Nie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nie, P. et al. NIX Mediates Mitophagy in Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Interacting with LC3. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 42, 1983\u20131994 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"424_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607038200","volume":"282","author":"M Wilhelm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilhelm, M., Xu, Z., Kukekov, N. V., Gire, S. & Greene, L. A. Proapoptotic Nix activates the JNK pathway by interacting with POSH and mediates death in a Parkinson disease model. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1288\u20131295 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.18","volume":"19","author":"J Grohm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grohm, J. et al. Inhibition of Drp1 provides neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Differ. 19, 1446\u20131458 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"424_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6244","volume":"5","author":"PM Rappold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rappold, P. M. et al. Drp1 inhibition attenuates neurotoxicity and dopamine release deficits in vivo. Nat. Commun. 5, 5244 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13843","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808515200","volume":"284","author":"RK Dagda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dagda, R. K. et al. Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 13843\u201313855 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22938","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.035774","volume":"284","author":"AK Lutz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lutz, A. K. et al. Loss of parkin or PINK1 function increases Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 22938\u201322951 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2313","volume":"17","author":"W Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song, W. et al. Mutant huntingtin binds the mitochondrial fission GTPase dynamin-related protein-1 and increases its enzymatic activity. Nat. Med 17, 377\u2013382 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"424_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102687","volume":"62","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng, Z. et al. Pathologically high intraocular pressure induces mitochondrial dysfunction through Drp1 and leads to retinal ganglion cell PANoptosis in glaucoma. Redox Biol. 62, 102687 (2023).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"424_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Y. et al. SIRT3-Mediated Deacetylation of DRP1(K711) Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 12, e2411235 (2025).","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411235"},{"key":"424_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00432","volume":"20","author":"S Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, S., Jia, J., Mao, R., Cao, X. & Xu, Y. Mitophagy in acute central nervous system injuries: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Neural Regen. Res 20, 2437\u20132453 (2025).","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res"},{"key":"424_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.12.004","volume":"284","author":"YS Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, Y. S., Choi, S. E. & Koh, H. C. PGAM5 regulates PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy via DRP1 in CCCP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol. Lett. 284, 120\u2013128 (2018).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"424_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170585","volume":"62","author":"RH Swerdlow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swerdlow, R. H. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Cascades in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 62, 1403\u20131416 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"424_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584221139761","volume":"30","author":"JA Pradeepkiran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pradeepkiran, J. A., Baig, J., Seman, A. & Reddy, P. H. Mitochondria in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Focus on Mitophagy. Neuroscientist 30, 440\u2013457 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"424_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummins, N., Tweedie, A., Zuryn, S., Bertran-Gonzalez, J. & G\u00f6tz, J. Disease-associated tau impairs mitophagy by inhibiting Parkin translocation to mitochondria. Embo j 38, e99360 (2019).","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201899360"},{"key":"424_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.01.014","volume":"12","author":"W Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu, W. et al. Hyperphosphorylation determines both the spread and the morphology of tau pathology. Alzheimers Dement 12, 1066\u20131077 (2016).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"424_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, W. et al. Peroxiredoxin 2 Ameliorates A\u03b2O-Mediated Autophagy by Inhibiting ROS via the ROS-NRF2-p62 Pathway in N2a-APP Swedish Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 11, 1889 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101889"},{"key":"424_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-023-05859-2","volume":"175","author":"AS Averchuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Averchuk, A. S. et al. The Neurotoxic Effect of \u03b2-Amyloid Is Accompanied by Changes in the Mitochondrial Dynamics and Autophagy in Neurons and Brain Endothelial Cells in the Experimental Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med 175, 315\u2013320 (2023).","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med"},{"key":"424_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx258","volume":"140","author":"F Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du, F. et al. PINK1 signalling rescues amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 140, 3233\u20133251 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"424_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.06.014","volume":"12","author":"SN Austad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Austad, S. N. et al. Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 12, 511\u2013531 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"424_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.11.038","volume":"84","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. A mitophagy sensor PPTC7 controls BNIP3 and NIX degradation to regulate mitochondrial mass. Mol. Cell 84, 327\u2013344.e329 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"424_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804871105","volume":"105","author":"X Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Amyloid-beta overproduction causes abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission\/fusion proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 19318\u201319323 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102697","volume":"62","author":"Q Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Acetylated tau exacerbates learning and memory impairment by disturbing with mitochondrial homeostasis. Redox Biol. 62, 102697 (2023).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"424_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.01.002","volume":"40","author":"JS Kerr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerr, J. S. et al. Mitophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Trends Neurosci. 40, 151\u2013166 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 30, 1591\u20131601 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"424_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe, W. et al. Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 3, 17013 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"424_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9080","volume":"357","author":"LF Burbulla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burbulla, L. F. et al. Dopamine oxidation mediates mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 357, 1255\u20131261 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"424_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11282","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11282","volume":"90","author":"K U\u00e9da","year":"1993","unstructured":"U\u00e9da, K. et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding an unrecognized component of amyloid in Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11282\u201311286 (1993).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","volume":"276","author":"MH Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos, M. H. et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 276, 2045\u20132047 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"424_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342ra378","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3634","volume":"8","author":"R Di Maio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Maio, R. et al. \u03b1-Synuclein binds to TOM20 and inhibits mitochondrial protein import in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. Transl. Med 8, 342ra378 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"424_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.10.004","volume":"56","author":"R Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao, R. et al. Gasdermin D permeabilization of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes accelerates and enhances pyroptosis. Immunity 56, 2523\u20132541.e2528 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"424_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.769331","volume":"15","author":"SK Soman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soman, S. K. & Dagda, R. K. Role of Cleaved PINK1 in Neuronal Development, Synaptogenesis, and Plasticity: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front Neurosci. 15, 769331 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07534","volume":"456","author":"OM de Brito","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Brito, O. M. & Scorrano, L. Mitofusin 2 tethers endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria. Nature 456, 605\u2013610 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.-S. et al. Altered ER\u2013mitochondria contact impacts mitochondria calcium homeostasis and contributes to neurodegeneration in vivo in disease models. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, E8844\u2013E8853 (2018).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721136115"},{"key":"424_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.08.032","volume":"155","author":"S Cogliati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cogliati, S. et al. Mitochondrial cristae shape determines respiratory chain supercomplexes assembly and respiratory efficiency. Cell 155, 160\u2013171 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.95","volume":"20","author":"D Ramonet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramonet, D. et al. Optic atrophy 1 mediates mitochondria remodeling and dopaminergic neurodegeneration linked to complex I deficiency. Cell Death Differ. 20, 77\u201385 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"424_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.08.002","volume":"19","author":"CH Hsieh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. H. et al. Functional Impairment in Miro Degradation and Mitophagy Is a Shared Feature in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cell Stem Cell 19, 709\u2013724 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"424_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118819119","volume":"119","author":"JT Hinkle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinkle, J. T. et al. STING mediates neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in nigrostriatal \u03b1-synucleinopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2118819119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06373-1","volume":"620","author":"MF Gulen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gulen, M. F. et al. cGAS-STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration. Nature 620, 374\u2013380 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa246","volume":"143","author":"M Borsche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borsche, M. et al. Mitochondrial damage-associated inflammation highlights biomarkers in PRKN\/PINK1 parkinsonism. Brain 143, 3041\u20133051 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"424_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06439-6","volume":"15","author":"J Okarmus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okarmus, J. et al. USP30 inhibition induces mitophagy and reduces oxidative stress in parkin-deficient human neurons. Cell Death Dis. 15, 52 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"424_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fd613b","volume":"75","author":"T Tokuda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tokuda, T. et al. Detection of elevated levels of \u03b1-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 75, 1766\u20131772 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"424_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1449com","volume":"20","author":"OM El-Agnaf","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Agnaf, O. M. et al. Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Faseb j. 20, 419\u2013425 (2006).","journal-title":"Faseb j."},{"key":"424_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.702639","volume":"13","author":"U Ganguly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ganguly, U. et al. Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Good, but Not Good Enough. Front Aging Neurosci. 13, 702639 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0072-9","volume":"11","author":"NK Majbour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Majbour, N. K. et al. Oligomeric and phosphorylated alpha-synuclein as potential CSF biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 11, 7 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"424_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","volume":"72","author":"ME MacDonald","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacDonald, M. E. et al. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington\u2019s disease chromosomes. Cell 72, 971\u2013983 (1993).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"424_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5733","volume":"85","author":"A Reiner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reiner, A. et al. Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5733\u20135737 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"424_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2528","volume":"13","author":"M Martinez-Vicente","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martinez-Vicente, M. et al. Cargo recognition failure is responsible for inefficient autophagy in Huntington\u2019s disease. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 567\u2013576 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110702","volume":"39","author":"WD Hawkins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawkins, W. D. et al. Dimerization-dependent membrane tethering by Atg23 is essential for yeast autophagy. Cell Rep. 39, 110702 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"424_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20191283","volume":"48","author":"S Subramaniam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subramaniam, S. Exaggerated mitophagy: a weapon of striatal destruction in the brain? Biochem Soc. Trans. 48, 709\u2013717 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem Soc. Trans."},{"key":"424_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134108","volume":"314","author":"M Neumann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neumann, M. et al. Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 314, 130\u2013133 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"424_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","volume":"362","author":"DR Rosen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen, D. R. et al. Mutations in Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59\u201362 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak, Y. J., Park, J. H., Rhim, H. & Kang, S. ALS-Related Mutant SOD1 Aggregates Interfere with Mitophagy by Sequestering the Autophagy Receptor Optineurin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 7525 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207525"},{"key":"424_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03102-8","volume":"11","author":"SY Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, S. Y. et al. Prevention of mitochondrial impairment by inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 11, 888 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"424_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007947","volume":"15","author":"P Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, P. et al. TDP-43 induces mitochondrial damage and activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. PLoS Genet 15, e1007947 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"424_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105359","volume":"154","author":"ND Perera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perera, N. D. et al. Stimulation of mTOR-independent autophagy and mitophagy by rilmenidine exacerbates the phenotype of transgenic TDP-43 mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 154, 105359 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"424_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149.e141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.08.002","volume":"97","author":"L Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Four novel optineurin mutations in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Mainland China. Neurobiol. Aging 97, 149.e141\u2013149.e148 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"424_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57135-8","volume":"16","author":"D Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, D. et al. Optineurin-facilitated axonal mitochondria delivery promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Nat. Commun. 16, 1789 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37377","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508246200","volume":"280","author":"P Marambaud","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marambaud, P., Zhao, H. & Davies, P. Resveratrol promotes clearance of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-beta peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 37377\u201337382 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.060061","volume":"285","author":"V Vingtdeux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vingtdeux, V. et al. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 9100\u20139113 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"424_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.044","volume":"67","author":"SW Min","year":"2010","unstructured":"Min, S. W. et al. Acetylation of tau inhibits its degradation and contributes to tauopathy. Neuron 67, 953\u2013966 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"424_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70346","volume":"31","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Aloe-Emodin Improves Mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Activating the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1\/SIRT3 Signaling Pathway. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 31, e70346 (2025).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"424_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00587-2","volume":"35","author":"Y Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, Y., Wang, N., Kang, J. & Fang, Y. \u03b2-Asarone improves learning and memory in A\u03b2(1-42)-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease rats by regulating PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Metab. Brain Dis. 35, 1109\u20131117 (2020).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"424_CR135","first-page":"2095","volume":"21","author":"M Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, M., Huang, L. & Zhong, X. \u03b2\u2011asarone modulates Beclin\u20111, LC3 and p62 expression to attenuate A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 levels in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol. Med Rep. 21, 2095\u20132102 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Med Rep."},{"key":"424_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00239","volume":"8","author":"D Bakula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakula, D. & Scheibye-Knudsen, M. MitophAging: Mitophagy in Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 239 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"424_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13847","volume":"20","author":"Y Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou, Y. et al. Urolithin A improves Alzheimer\u2019s disease cognition and restores mitophagy and lysosomal functions. Alzheimers Dement 20, 4212\u20134233 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"424_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19547-6","volume":"11","author":"X Cen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cen, X. et al. Pharmacological targeting of MCL-1 promotes mitophagy and improves disease pathologies in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model. Nat. Commun. 11, 5731 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102734","volume":"108","author":"JA Pradeepkiran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pradeepkiran, J. A. et al. Impact of diet and exercise on mitochondrial quality and mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ageing Res Rev. 108, 102734 (2025).","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"424_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","volume":"385","author":"T Ngandu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ngandu, T. et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385, 2255\u20132263 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"424_CR141","first-page":"947","volume":"9","author":"AG Wade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wade, A. G. et al. Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Clin. Inter. Aging 9, 947\u2013961 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Inter. Aging"},{"key":"424_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002035","volume":"85","author":"RS Turner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turner, R. S. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of resveratrol for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 85, 1383\u20131391 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"424_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0073-4","volume":"1","author":"PA Andreux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreux, P. A. et al. The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans. Nat. Metab. 1, 595\u2013603 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"424_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vizziello, M., Borellini, L., Franco, G. & Ardolino, G. Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis: The Role of PINK1 in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells 10, 3022 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113022"},{"key":"424_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00474-x","volume":"6","author":"W Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. SHP2-mediated mitophagy boosted by lovastatin in neuronal cells alleviates parkinsonism in mice. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 6, 34 (2021).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"424_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae195","volume":"6","author":"S Ge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ge, S. et al. Statin use and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease among older adults in Japan: a nested case-control study using the Longevity Improvement and Fair Evidence study. Brain Commun. 6, fcae195 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"424_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17979","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04308","volume":"17","author":"X Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia, X., Li, H., Xu, X., Zhao, G. & Du, M. Facilitating Pro-survival Mitophagy for Alleviating Parkinson\u2019s Disease via Sequence-Targeted Lycopene Nanodots. ACS Nano 17, 17979\u201317995 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"424_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10249","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1917-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"C Van Humbeeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Humbeeck, C. et al. Parkin interacts with Ambra1 to induce mitophagy. J. Neurosci. 31, 10249\u201310261 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"424_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1997052","volume":"18","author":"M Di Rienzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Rienzo, M. et al. AMBRA1 regulates mitophagy by interacting with ATAD3A and promoting PINK1 stability. Autophagy 18, 1752\u20131762 (2022).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"424_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13418","volume":"510","author":"B Bingol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bingol, B. et al. The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy. Nature 510, 370\u2013375 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"424_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42876-1","volume":"14","author":"TZ Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, T. Z. et al. Knockout or inhibition of USP30 protects dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. Nat. Commun. 14, 7295 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"424_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonet-Ponce, L. et al. LRRK2 mediates tubulation and vesicle sorting from lysosomes. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb2454 (2020).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb2454"},{"key":"424_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122917","volume":"352","author":"SS El-Sayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Sayed, S. S., Ali, S. O. & Ibrahim, W. W. Potential neuroprotective and autophagy-enhancing effects of alogliptin on lithium\/pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats: Targeting the AMPK\/SIRT1\/Nrf2 axis. Life Sci. 352, 122917 (2024).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"424_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.10.008","volume":"1652","author":"M Deng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deng, M. et al. \u03b2-asarone improves learning and memory and reduces Acetyl Cholinesterase and Beta-amyloid 42 levels in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice by regulating Beclin-1-dependent autophagy. Brain Res 1652, 188\u2013194 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"424_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1870-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"YC Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong, Y. C. & Holzbaur, E. L. The regulation of autophagosome dynamics by huntingtin and HAP1 is disrupted by expression of mutant huntingtin, leading to defective cargo degradation. J. Neurosci. 34, 1293\u20131305 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["npj Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-026-00424-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-026-00424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-026-00424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:02:37Z","timestamp":1788480157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41514-026-00424-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41514-026-00424-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"122"}}