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Infection of humans with <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> can result in a range of clinical diseases including lymphadenopathy observed in cat-scratch disease and more serious disease from persistent bacteremia. It is a common cause of blood-culture negative endocarditis as the bacterium is capable of growing as aggregates, and forming biofilms on infected native and prosthetic heart valves. The aggregative growth requires a trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) called <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> adhesin A (BadA). TAAs are found in all <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> species and many other Gram-negative bacteria. Using <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1, <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 <jats:italic>\u2206badA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 <jats:italic>\u2206badA<\/jats:italic>\/pNS2P<jats:sub>Trc<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic> (a partial complement of <jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic> coding for a truncated protein of 741 amino acid residues), we analyze the role of BadA in adhesion and biofilm formation. We also investigate the role of environmental factors such as temperature on <jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic> expression and biofilm formation. Real-time cell adhesion monitoring and electron microscopy show that <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 adheres and forms biofilm more efficiently than the <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 <jats:italic>\u2206badA<\/jats:italic>. Deletion of the <jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic> gene significantly decreases adhesion, the first step in biofilm formation in vitro, which is partially restored in <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 <jats:italic>\u2206badA<\/jats:italic>\/pNS2P<jats:sub>Trc<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic>. The biofilm formed by <jats:italic>Bh<\/jats:italic> Houston-1 includes polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA components and is susceptible to enzymatic degradation of these components. Furthermore, both pH and temperature influence both <jats:italic>badA<\/jats:italic> expression and biofilm formation. We conclude that BadA is required for optimal adhesion, agglutination and biofilm formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0083-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T12:06:06Z","timestamp":1552565166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The trimeric autotransporter adhesin BadA is required for in vitro biofilm formation by Bartonella henselae"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Udoka","family":"Okaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhra","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burt","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"83_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01309-10","volume":"79","author":"NF Muller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muller, N. 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