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Here we examined the airway microbiomes of the Orang Asli, the indigenous peoples of Malaysia. A total of 130 participants were recruited from two sites in the north-eastern state of Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the nasal microbiome was significantly more diverse in those aged 5\u201317 years compared to 50+ years (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023) and clustered by age (PERMANOVA analysis of the Bray\u2013Curtis distance,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Hierarchical clustering of Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity scores revealed six microbiome clusters. The largest cluster (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928; 35.4%) had a marked abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In the oral microbiomes\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were dominant. Using conventional microbiology, high levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriage were observed, particularly in the 18\u201365 age group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200917\/36; 47.2% 95% CI: 30.9\u201363.5). The highest carriage of pneumococci was in the &lt;5 and 5 to 17 year olds, with 57.1% (4\/7) and 49.2% (30\/61), respectively. Sixteen pneumococcal serotypes were identified, the most common being the nonvaccine-type 23A (14.6%) and the vaccine-type 6B (9.8%). The prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes covered by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines support introduction into a Malaysian national immunisation schedule. In addition, the dominance of\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the airway microbiomes is intriguing given their role as a potentially protective commensal with respect to acute infection and respiratory health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00173-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1609826828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The upper respiratory tract microbiome of indigenous Orang Asli in north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise E.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ghazi","family":"Alattraqchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Iza","family":"A. 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