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This study examined the hypothesis that oral dysbiosis modulates the antigen-presentation function of SGECs, which regulates CD4 T cell proliferation in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS). Saliva samples from 8 pSS patients and 16 healthy subjects were analyzed for bacterial <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> ribosomal DNA. As a result, 39 differentially abundant taxa were identified. Among them, the phylum <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> comprised 21 taxa, and this phylum was mostly enriched in the healthy controls. The proteobacterium <jats:italic>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> was enriched in the healthy controls, with the greatest effect size at the species level. Treatment of A253 cells in vitro with <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> upregulated PD-L1 expression, and <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>-pretreated A253 cells suppressed CD4 T cell proliferation. The suppression was partially reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Among low-grade xerostomia patients, salivary abundance of <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> decreased in pSS patients compared to that in non-pSS sicca patients. Our findings suggest that <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> may be an immunomodulatory commensal bacterium in pSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00192-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T11:03:49Z","timestamp":1615460629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Salivary dysbiosis in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and a commensal-mediated immunomodulatory effect of salivary gland epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-chao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-bin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-chuan","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon-pin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann-tay","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5457-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6050-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-fen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-chou","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1994.1123","volume":"72","author":"HM Moutsopoulos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moutsopoulos, H. 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