{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:20:56Z","timestamp":1776910856637,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Biofilms Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both gut microbiome and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the functional link between the microbiome and host-derived miRNAs in faeces remains poorly understood. In the present study, patients with HE had an altered gut microbiome and faecal miRNAs compared with patients with chronic hepatitis B. Transferring faeces and faecal miRNAs from patients with HE to the recipient mice aggravated thioacetamide-induced HE. Oral gavage of hsa-miR-7704, a host-derived miRNA highly enriched in faeces from patients with HE, aggravated HE in mice in a microbiome-dependent manner. Mechanistically, hsa-miR-7704 inhibited the growth and adhesion of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> by suppressing <jats:italic>proB<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>B. longum<\/jats:italic> and its metabolite acetate alleviated HE by inhibiting microglial activation and ammonia production. Our findings reveal the role of miRNA\u2013microbiome axis in HE and suggest that faecal hsa-miR-7704 are potential regulators of HE progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00487-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1708743751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Faecal hsa-miR-7704 inhibits the growth and adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum by suppressing ProB and aggravates hepatic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuchong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3298-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longxian","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"487_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.013","volume":"73","author":"CF Rose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rose, C. F. et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy. J. Hepatol. 73, 1526\u20131547 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.06.011","volume":"41","author":"R Jalan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jalan, R., Olde Damink, S. W., Hayes, P. C., Deutz, N. E. & Lee, A. Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow. J. Hepatol. 41, 613\u2013620 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.05.011","volume":"5","author":"PD Cani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cani, P. D. & Knauf, C. How gut microbes talk to organs: The role of endocrine and nervous routes. Mol. Metab. 5, 743\u2013752 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"487_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Won, S. M. et al. The Link between Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23168999 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168999"},{"key":"487_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.08.004","volume":"75","author":"PP Bloom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloom, P. P., Tapper, E. B., Young, V. B. & Lok, A. S. Microbiome therapeutics for hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 75, 1452\u20131464 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50221","volume":"37","author":"SW Olde Damink","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olde Damink, S. W. et al. The kidney plays a major role in the hyperammonemia seen after simulated or actual GI bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 37, 1277\u20131285 (2003).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"487_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28121","volume":"63","author":"D Kao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kao, D. et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 63, 339\u2013340 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"487_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29306","volume":"66","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bajaj, J. S. et al. Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized clinical trial. Hepatology 66, 1727\u20131738 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"487_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.033","volume":"156","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bajaj, J. S. et al. Long-term outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 156, 1921\u20131923.e1923 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"487_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-018-0906-1","volume":"37","author":"R Mehta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehta, R. et al. Preliminary experience with single fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of recurrent overt hepatic encephalopathy-A case series. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 37, 559\u2013562 (2018).","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"487_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.12.005","volume":"19","author":"S Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. The host shapes the gut microbiota via fecal MicroRNA. Cell Host Microbe 19, 32\u201343 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"487_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.008","volume":"26","author":"S Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Oral administration of miR-30d from Feces of MS patients suppresses MS-like symptoms in mice by expanding Akkermansia muciniphila. Cell host & microbe 26, 779\u2013794.e778 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"487_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.08.025","volume":"30","author":"L He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, L., Zhou, X., Liu, Y., Zhou, L. & Li, F. Fecal miR-142a-3p from dextran sulfate sodium-challenge recovered mice prevents colitis by promoting the growth of Lactobacillus reuteri. Mol. Ther. 30, 388\u2013399 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"487_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13629","volume":"13","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Protective effect of Lactobacillus salivarius Li01 on thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury and hyperammonaemia. Microb. Biotechnol. 13, 1860\u20131876 (2020).","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"487_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3727\/105221618X15287315176503","volume":"18","author":"S Grant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grant, S. et al. Direct comparison of the Thioacetamide and Azoxymethane models of Type A Hepatic Encephalopathy in mice. Gene Express. 18, 171\u2013185 (2018).","journal-title":"Gene Express."},{"key":"487_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30827","volume":"71","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, R. et al. Neuroinflammation in murine cirrhosis is dependent on the gut microbiome and is attenuated by fecal transplant. Hepatology 71, 611\u2013626 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"487_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100352","volume":"3","author":"W Claeys","year":"2021","unstructured":"Claeys, W. et al. The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy. JHEP Rep.: Innov. Hepatol. 3, 100352 (2021).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep.: Innov. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.046","volume":"65","author":"N Weiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weiss, N. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics highlights dysregulation of energy metabolism in overt hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 65, 1120\u20131130 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.9.692","volume":"18","author":"B Bron","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bron, B., Waldram, R., Silk, D. B. & Williams, R. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain levels of bile acids in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 18, 692\u2013696 (1977).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"487_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00097.2011","volume":"302","author":"V Balasubramaniyan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balasubramaniyan, V. et al. Ammonia reduction with ornithine phenylacetate restores brain eNOS activity via the DDAH-ADMA pathway in bile duct-ligated cirrhotic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302, G145\u2013152 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"487_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1389-x","volume":"56","author":"B Vairappan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vairappan, B., Sundhar, M. & Srinivas, B. H. Resveratrol restores neuronal tight junction proteins through correction of ammonia and inflammation in CCl(4)-induced cirrhotic mice. Mol. Neurobiol. 56, 4718\u20134729 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"487_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00046","volume":"13","author":"S Roy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roy, S. et al. Inhibition of Autotaxin ameliorates LPA-mediated neuroinflammation and alleviates neurological dysfunction in acute hepatic Encephalopathy. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 13, 2829\u20132841 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"487_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.036","volume":"160","author":"SJ Hsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu, S. J. et al. Enhanced Meningeal lymphatic drainage ameliorates neuroinflammation and hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 160, 1315\u20131329.e1313 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"487_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.141580","volume":"56","author":"M Jung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jung, M. et al. Robust microRNA stability in degraded RNA preparations from human tissue and cell samples. Clin. Chem. 56, 998\u20131006 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"487_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253122","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02531-22","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Osteopontin exacerbates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in a microbiome-dependent manner. mBio 13, e0253122 (2022).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"487_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.01.073","volume":"367","author":"C Marco-Mar\u00edn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marco-Mar\u00edn, C. et al. A novel two-domain architecture within the amino acid kinase enzyme family revealed by the crystal structure of Escherichia coli glutamate 5-kinase. J. Mol. Biol. 367, 1431\u20131446 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"487_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104784","volume":"157","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Probiotics and fructo-oligosaccharide intervention modulate the microbiota-gut brain axis to improve autism spectrum reducing also the hyper-serotonergic state and the dopamine metabolism disorder. Pharmacol. Res. 157, 104784 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"487_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316448","volume":"127","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote poststroke recovery in aged mice. Circ. Res. 127, 453\u2013465 (2020).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"487_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.03.024","volume":"603","author":"H Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium longum BORI promotes neuronal rejuvenation in aged mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 603, 41\u201348 (2022).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"487_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01807H","volume":"12","author":"A Zhuge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuge, A., Li, S., Yuan, Y., Li, B. & Li, L. The synergy of dietary supplements Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 and Bifidobacterium longum TC01 in alleviating liver failure in rats treated with D-galactosamine. Food Funct. 12, 10239\u201310252 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"487_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","volume":"173","author":"R Orihuela","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orihuela, R., McPherson, C. A. & Harry, G. J. Microglial M1\/M2 polarization and metabolic states. Bri. J. Pharmacol. 173, 649\u2013665 (2016).","journal-title":"Bri. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"487_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23961","volume":"69","author":"AD Umpierre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umpierre, A. D. & Wu, L. J. How microglia sense and regulate neuronal activity. Glia 69, 1637\u20131653 (2021).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"487_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312729","volume":"65","author":"H Tilg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tilg, H., Cani, P. D. & Mayer, E. A. Gut microbiome and liver diseases. Gut 65, 2035\u20132044 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"487_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522708","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5522708","volume":"2021","author":"F Jiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao, F. et al. Role of SIRT1 in hepatic encephalopathy: in vivo and in vitro studies focusing on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2021, 5522708 (2021).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"487_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595759","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.595759","volume":"10","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. The role of intestinal bacteria and gut-brain axis in hepatic encephalopathy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 10, 595759 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"487_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.010","volume":"76","author":"VC Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel, V. C. et al. Rifaximin-\u03b1 reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial. J. Hepatol. 76, 332\u2013342 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31312-5","volume":"13","author":"KM Schneider","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schneider, K. M. et al. Imbalanced gut microbiota fuels hepatocellular carcinoma development by shaping the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment. Nat. Commun. 13, 3964 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"487_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100233","volume":"3","author":"D Blaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blaya, D. et al. Profiling circulating microRNAs in patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. JHEP Rep.: Innov. Hepatol. 3, 100233 (2021).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep.: Innov. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orze\u0142-Gajowik, K., Milewski, K. & Zieli\u0144ska, M. Insight into microRNAs-mediated communication between liver and brain: a possible approach for understanding acute liver failure? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010224 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010224"},{"key":"487_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9545-0","volume":"29","author":"R Vemuganti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vemuganti, R., Silva, V. R., Mehta, S. L. & Hazell, A. S. Acute liver failure-induced hepatic encephalopathy s associated with changes in microRNA expression rofiles in cerebral cortex of the mouse [corrected]. Metab. Brain Dis. 29, 891\u2013899 (2014).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"487_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gallego, J. J. et al. Plasma Extracellular vesicles play a role in immune system modulation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232012335 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012335"},{"key":"487_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01803-8","volume":"40","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, W. et al. Hepatitis B virus P protein initiates glycolytic bypass in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma via a FOXO3\/miRNA-30b-5p\/MINPP1 axis. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 40, 1 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"487_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.001","volume":"24","author":"Y Teng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teng, Y. et al. Plant-derived exosomal MicroRNAs shape the gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 24, 637\u2013652.e638 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"487_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091369","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2091369","volume":"14","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Intestinal accumulation of microbiota-produced succinate caused by loss of microRNAs leads to diarrhea in weanling piglets. Gut Microbes 14, 2091369 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"487_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Csonka, L. N. & Leisinger, T. Biosynthesis of Proline. EcoSal Plus 2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ecosalplus.3.6.1.4 (2007).","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.3.6.1.4"},{"key":"487_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444904023972","volume":"60","author":"I P\u00e9rez-Arellano","year":"2004","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Arellano, I., Gil-Ortiz, F., Cervera, J. & Rubio, V. Glutamate-5-kinase from Escherichia coli: gene cloning, overexpression, purification and crystallization of the recombinant enzyme and preliminary X-ray studies. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 60, 2091\u20132094 (2004).","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"487_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096994","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2096994","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Phospholipid metabolites of the gut microbiota promote hypoxia-induced intestinal injury via CD1d-dependent \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Gut Microbes 14, 2096994 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"487_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.012","volume":"21","author":"H Diao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diao, H. et al. Osteopontin as a mediator of NKT cell function in T cell-mediated liver diseases. Immunity 21, 539\u2013550 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"487_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0340322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03403-22","volume":"11","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. A High-salt diet exacerbates liver fibrosis through enterococcus-dependent macrophage activation. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e0340322 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"487_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00004-10","volume":"74","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. & O\u2019Sullivan, D. J. Genomic insights into bifidobacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 378\u2013416 (2010).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"487_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204","volume":"7","author":"S Arboleya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arboleya, S., Watkins, C., Stanton, C. & Ross, R. P. Gut Bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1204 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"487_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770248","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.770248","volume":"9","author":"J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chen, X. & Ho, C. L. Recent development of probiotic Bifidobacteria for treating human diseases. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9, 770248 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"487_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328330a8d3","volume":"22","author":"M Malaguarnera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, M. et al. Bifidobacterium combined with fructo-oligosaccharide versus lactulose in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 199\u2013206 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9687-y","volume":"52","author":"M Malaguarnera","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, M. et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Digest. Dis. Sci. 52, 3259\u20133265 (2007).","journal-title":"Digest. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"487_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.99","volume":"10","author":"RF Butterworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butterworth, R. F. The liver-brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 522\u2013528 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2019.00025","volume":"7","author":"V Jaeger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaeger, V., DeMorrow, S. & McMillin, M. The direct contribution of astrocytes and microglia to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 7, 352\u2013361 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"487_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21843","volume":"46","author":"G Wright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wright, G. & Jalan, R. Ammonia and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: Pandora\u2019s box? Hepatology 46, 291\u2013294 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"487_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.5248604","volume":"10","author":"M Rehmsmeier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rehmsmeier, M., Steffen, P., Hochsmann, M. & Giegerich, R. Fast and effective prediction of microRNA\/target duplexes. RNA 10, 1507\u20131517 (2004).","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"487_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W451","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl243","volume":"34","author":"J Kr\u00fcger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, J. & Rehmsmeier, M. RNAhybrid: microRNA target prediction easy, fast and flexible. Nucl. Acids Res. 34, W451\u2013454 (2006).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."}],"container-title":["npj Biofilms and Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-024-00487-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-024-00487-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-024-00487-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T04:32:45Z","timestamp":1708749165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-024-00487-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00487-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5008"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5008","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}