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Although host-microbe interactions are hypothesized to contribute to reproductive health and disease, the bacterial mediators that are critical to this response remain unclear. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are proposed to participate in host-microbe communication by providing protection of bacterial cargo, delivery to intracellular targets, and ultimately induction of immune responses from the host. We evaluated the proteome of bEVs produced in vitro from\n                    <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M. mulieris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , identifying specific proteins of immunologic interest. We found that bEVs from each bacterial species internalize within cervical and vaginal epithelial cells, and that epithelial and immune cells express a multi-cytokine response when exposed to bEVs from\n                    <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. mulieris<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not\n                    <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further, we demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by\n                    <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. mulieris<\/jats:italic>\n                    bEVs is TLR2-specific. Our results provide evidence that vaginal bacteria communicate with host cells through secreted bEVs, revealing a mechanism by which bacteria lead to adverse reproductive outcomes associated with inflammation. Elucidating host-microbe interactions in the cervicovaginal space will provide further insight into the mechanisms contributing to microbiome-mediated adverse outcomes and may reveal new therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00502-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T08:02:08Z","timestamp":1711008128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Extracellular vesicles from vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus mulieris contain distinct proteomic cargo and induce inflammatory pathways"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-9812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Mirro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nova","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"France","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal A.","family":"Elovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001722","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00017-22","volume":"7","author":"S Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, S. et al. 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