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Although oral\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is reduced in SS, its significance remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the pathophysiological role of\n                    <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in SS. Reduced salivary\n                    <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels in SS patients were confirmed through quantitative PCR. Oral\n                    <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    inoculation in NOD mice alleviated focal sialadenitis, improved salivary function, and reduced IFN-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and IFN-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in salivary gland-draining lymph nodes, maintaining immune homeostasis against a biased type 1 response. Inoculation also enhanced salivary microbiota diversity, balanced the Firmicutes-to-Proteobacteria ratio, and reduced the overwhelming presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas mendocina<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In vitro,\n                    <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    -preconditioned A253 cells limited CD8 T cell expansion with reduced IFN-\u03b3 production. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    improves oral microbial diversity, promotes homeostatic T-cell immunity, and protects against SS, supporting its potential as a next-generation probiotic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00654-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:55:01Z","timestamp":1737032101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A human oral commensal-mediated protection against Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with maintenance of T cell immune homeostasis and improved oral microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu-Chao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Sheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Bin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Pui","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon-Pin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Chuan","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann-Tay","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Chou","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"654_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318181e6af","volume":"87","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals, M. et al. 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