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Recombinant endolysins have shown to specifically kill\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but not commensal lactobacilli, in vitro. This study evaluated the pharmacodynamics of BNT331-endolysin (BNT331-EL) on vaginal samples from 49 women with BV (Nugent score \u22657, Amsel criteria, and clue cells). Whole genome sequencing confirmed BV-associated community state types IV-B and III, with\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominating in 53% of samples and present in 86%. Ex vivo treatment with BNT331-EL reduced viable\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    by \u226594% at 20\u201350\u2009\u00b5g\/mL over 19\u2009h.\n                    <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                    was reduced by an average of 92% across samples, while\n                    <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferated where present in substantial amounts. Endolysin treatment effectively disrupted\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms and reduced viable bacterial load in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. These results informed the definition of the treatment dose for a first-in-human trial with BNT331-EL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00764-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T05:59:45Z","timestamp":1754978385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Endolysin selectively kills Gardnerella ex vivo in vaginal samples from women with bacterial vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lenka Podpera","family":"Tisakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Schwebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Berdaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"von Freyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Foessleitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Katrin","family":"Kieninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albina","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Farr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"764_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S383333","volume":"15","author":"CA Muzny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muzny, C. 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