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Combining shotgun metagenomics with untargeted metabolomics, we identified a reduced abundance of several early colonizing species including\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    in pwRRMS and an enrichment of bacteria with pathogenic potential including\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and several\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. pwRRMS had an altered metabolite profile including a decreased hypotaurine compared to healthy controls. Thus we report altered oral microbiome and metabolome in pwRRMS which might contribute to MS pathobiology. These findings offer potential microbiome-metabolome based diagnostic biomarkers for MS and pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions to improve disease management and patient outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00787-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1760950964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multiple sclerosis patients exhibit oral dysbiosis with decreased early colonizers and lower hypotaurine level"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Fitzjerrells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leeann Aguilar","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meeta","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heena","family":"Olalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemmie","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mishelle","family":"Paullus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Cherwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey A.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukirth M.","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh K.","family":"Mangalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"787_CR1","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. https:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org, https:\/\/atlasofms.org\/map\/global\/epidemiology\/number-of-people-with-ms(2024)."},{"key":"787_CR2","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. 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