{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:59:44Z","timestamp":1792018784215,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI\/MRC grants","award":["MR\/W026813\/1 and MR\/Y010175\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W026813\/1 and MR\/Y010175\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Biofilms Microbiomes"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00917-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:03:04Z","timestamp":1772013784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut microbiome composition and function reflect socioeconomic deprivation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afroditi","family":"Kouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Louca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth CE","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Asnicar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Falchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim D.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Segata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Menni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"917_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","volume":"44","author":"F Hill-Briggs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill-Briggs, F. et al. Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review. Diabetes Care 44, 258\u2013279 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"917_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06134.x","volume":"1231","author":"KLK Tamashiro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamashiro, K. L. K. Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1231, 46\u201355 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"917_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30248-8","volume":"5","author":"M Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kivim\u00e4ki, M. et al. Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: a multi-cohort study. Lancet Public Health 5, e140\u2013e149 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"917_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500240084031","volume":"269","author":"NE Adler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adler, N. E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health. JAMA 269, 3140 (1993).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"917_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02106-1","volume":"19","author":"L Crielaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crielaard, L., Nicolaou, M., Sawyer, A., Quax, R. & Stronks, K. Understanding the impact of exposure to adverse socioeconomic conditions on chronic stress from a complexity science perspective. BMC Med. 19, 242 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"917_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5170-x","volume":"18","author":"MH Algren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Algren, M. H. et al. Associations between perceived stress, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 18, 250 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"917_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01224-9","volume":"27","author":"A Agorastos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agorastos, A. & Chrousos, G. P. The neuroendocrinology of stress: the stress-related continuum of chronic disease development. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 502\u2013513 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"917_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1130989","volume":"14","author":"S Hassamal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassamal, S. Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Front. Psychiatry 14, 1130989 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"917_CR9","unstructured":"Amato, K. R. et al. The human gut microbiome and health inequities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2017947118 (2021)."},{"key":"917_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobre, J. G. & Alpuim Costa, D. \u201dSociobiome\u201d: how do socioeconomic factors influence gut microbiota and enhance pathology susceptibility? - a mini-review. Front. Gastroenterol. 1, (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fgstr.2022.1020190"},{"key":"917_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.04.012","volume":"88","author":"R Pechey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pechey, R. & Monsivais, P. Socioeconomic inequalities in the healthiness of food choices: Exploring the contributions of food expenditures. Prev. Med. 88, 203\u2013209 (2016).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"917_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4","volume":"22","author":"FC Ross","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ross, F. C. et al. The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 22, 671\u2013686 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"917_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapidot, Y. et al. The associations between diet and socioeconomic disparities and the intestinal microbiome in preadolescence. Nutrients 13, 2645 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082645"},{"key":"917_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.026","volume":"36","author":"W Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, W. et al. Psychological stress-induced microbial metabolite indole-3-acetate disrupts intestinal cell lineage commitment. Cell Metab. 36, 466\u2013483.e7 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"917_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105653","volume":"161","author":"GAW Rook","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rook, G. A. W. Evolution and the critical role of the microbiota in the reduced mental and physical health associated with low socioeconomic status (SES). Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 161, 105653 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"917_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019","volume":"82","author":"JR Kelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelly, J. R. et al. Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J. Psychiatr. Res. 82, 109\u2013118 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"917_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","volume":"17","author":"H Mallick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mallick, H. et al. Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009442 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"917_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1107","volume":"87","author":"N Darmon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Darmon, N. & Drewnowski, A. Does social class predict diet quality?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87, 1107\u20131117 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"917_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowyer, R. C. E. et al. Socioeconomic status and the gut microbiome: a TwinsUK cohort Study. Microorganisms 7, 17 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010017"},{"key":"917_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00430-3","volume":"9","author":"I Zuniga-Chaves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zuniga-Chaves, I. et al. Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with low diversity gut microbiomes and multi-drug resistant microorganism colonization. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 9, 61 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"917_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00491-y","volume":"10","author":"S Kwak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwak, S. et al. Sociobiome - individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status influence the gut microbiome in a multi-ethnic population in the US. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 10, 19 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"917_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82311-3","volume":"11","author":"J Dwiyanto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dwiyanto, J. et al. Ethnicity influences the gut microbiota of individuals sharing a geographical location: a cross-sectional study from a middle-income country. Sci. Rep. 11, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"917_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321747","volume":"70","author":"M Fassarella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fassarella, M. et al. Gut microbiome stability and resilience: elucidating the response to perturbations in order to modulate gut health. Gut 70, 595\u2013605 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"917_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01858-9","volume":"9","author":"P Manghi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manghi, P. et al. Coffee consumption is associated with intestinal Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus abundance and prevalence across multiple cohorts. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 3120\u20133134 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"917_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.621","volume":"8","author":"P Afouda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afouda, P. et al. Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Intestinimonas massiliensis sp. nov strain GD2, the second Intestinimonas species cultured from the human gut. Microbiologyopen 8, e00621 (2019).","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"917_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802866","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1802866","volume":"12","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., Lordan, C., Ross, R. P. & Cotter, P. D. Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus and their various contributions to gut health. Gut Microbes 12, 1802866 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"917_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.837509","volume":"12","author":"P Amiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amiri, P. et al. Role of butyrate, a gut microbiota derived metabolite, in cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive narrative review. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 837509 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"917_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","volume":"139","author":"L Peng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peng, L., Li, Z.-R., Green, R. S., Holzman, I. R. & Lin, J. Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J. Nutr. 139, 1619\u20131625 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"917_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-259598","volume":"29","author":"CS Reigstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reigstad, C. S. et al. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J. 29, 1395\u20131403 (2015).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"917_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101374","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101374","volume":"37","author":"J Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, J. et al. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and depression: deep insight into biological mechanisms and potential applications. Gen. Psychiatr. 37, e101374 (2024).","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"917_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronan, J. E., Jr & Laporte, D. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass. EcoSal Plus 1, (2005).","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.3.5.2"},{"key":"917_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105045","volume":"78","author":"SM Houten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houten, S. M., Violante, S., Ventura, F. V. & Wanders, R. J. A. The biochemistry and physiology of mitochondrial fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and its genetic disorders. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 78, 23\u201344 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"917_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.09.014","volume":"1801","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Keung, W., Samokhvalov, V., Wang, W. & Lopaschuk, G. D. Role of fatty acid uptake and fatty acid beta-oxidation in mediating insulin resistance in heart and skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1801, 1\u201322 (2010).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"917_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S2129","volume":"2","author":"DM Richard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richard, D. M. et al. L-Tryptophan: basic metabolic functions, behavioral research and therapeutic indications. Int. J. Tryptophan Res. 2, 45\u201360 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"917_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.65","volume":"22","author":"S Verdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verdi, S. et al. TwinsUK: the UK adult twin registry update. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 22, 523\u2013529 (2019).","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"917_CR36","unstructured":"Townsend, P., Phillimore, P. & Beattie, A. Health and deprivation: inequality and the north (Croom Helm, 1988)."},{"key":"917_CR37","unstructured":"Statistical Release. The English indices of deprivation 2019. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019 (IoD2019)."},{"key":"917_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 67, 361\u2013370 (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand"},{"key":"917_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2000102","volume":"4","author":"SA Bingham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bingham, S. A. et al. Nutritional methods in the European prospective investigation of cancer in Norfolk. Public Health Nutr. 4, 847\u2013858 (2001).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"917_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.183079","volume":"144","author":"PM Guenther","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guenther, P. M. et al. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 is a valid and reliable measure of diet quality according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. J. Nutr. 144, 399\u2013407 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"917_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12476-z","volume":"10","author":"A Visconti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Visconti, A. et al. Interplay between the human gut microbiome and host metabolism. Nat. Commun. 10, 4505 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"917_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visconti, A., Martin, T. C. & Falchi, M. YAMP: a containerized workflow enabling reproducibility in metagenomics research. Gigascience 7, giy072 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy072"},{"key":"917_CR43","first-page":"1633","volume":"4","author":"A Blanco-Miguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blanco-Miguez, A. et al. Extending and improving metagenomic taxonomic profiling with uncharacterized species using MetaPhlAn 4. Nat. Biotechnol. 4, 1633\u20131644 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"917_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beghini, F. et al. Integrating taxonomic, functional, and strain-level profiling of diverse microbial communities with bioBakery 3. Elife 10, 726-739.e3 (2021).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65088"},{"key":"917_CR45","unstructured":"vegan: an R package for community ecologists. https:\/\/vegandevs.github.io\/vegan\/."},{"key":"917_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynamics of the normal gut microbiota: a longitudinal one-year population study in Sweden. Cell Host Microbe 30, 726\u2013739.e3 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.03.002"},{"key":"917_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T. & Guestrin, C. XGBoost. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2016).","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"917_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36135-6","volume":"14","author":"RC Robertson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robertson, R. C. et al. The gut microbiome and early-life growth in a population with high prevalence of stunting. Nat. Commun. 14, 654 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"917_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2226915","volume":"15","author":"S-H Seo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seo, S.-H. et al. Machine learning model for predicting age in healthy individuals using age-related gut microbes and urine metabolites. Gut Microbes 15, 2226915 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"917_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2471960","volume":"17","author":"BJH Verhaar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verhaar, B. J. H. et al. Gut microbiota shift in Ghanaian individuals along the migration axis: the RODAM-Pros cohort. Gut Microbes 17, 2471960 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"917_CR51","unstructured":"Lemaitre, G., Nogueira, F. & Aridas, C. K. Imbalanced-learn: a Python toolbox to tackle the curse of imbalanced datasets in machine learning. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.06570 (2016)."},{"key":"917_CR52","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Mani, I. KNN approach to unbalanced data distributions: a case study involving information extraction. In Proceedings of the ICML\u20192003 Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets (2003)."},{"key":"917_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin, X. et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12, 77 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"917_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00130-17","author":"M Vital","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vital, M., Karch, A. & Pieper, D. H. Colonic butyrate-producing communities in humans: an overview using omics data. mSystems https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00130-17 (2017).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"917_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07944-0","volume":"22","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Altered synthesis of genes associated with short-chain fatty acids in the gut of patients with atrial fibrillation. BMC Genomics 22, 1\u201311 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"917_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.43","volume":"1","author":"Z Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu, Z. Complex heatmap visualization. Imeta 1, e43 (2022).","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"917_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L. & Imai, K. Mediation: RPackage for causal mediation analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 59, 1\u201338 (2014).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05"}],"container-title":["npj Biofilms and Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-026-00917-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-026-00917-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-026-00917-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:03:23Z","timestamp":1772013803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41522-026-00917-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-026-00917-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5008"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5008","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"T.D.S. is a co-founder of ZOE Ltd. A.M.V. and N.S. are consultants to ZOE Ltd. T.D.S. and N.S. have received options from ZOE Ltd. N.S. serves as an associate editor of this journal and had no role in the peer review or decision to publish this manuscript. All other authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}