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This study investigated oral and gut microbial changes in a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO)-induced OSCC mouse model. After 16 weeks of 4-NQO exposure, significant alterations were observed in the beta diversity of both oral and gut microbiomes. Notably, the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased, especially in oral microbiomes, from week 6 to 16, followed by a decline at week 22, suggesting a 4-NQO-induced niche favorable to its proliferation. Absolute quantification revealed a 4-NQO-induced increase in total bacterial load in the oral cavity, accompanied by elevated absolute abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Unexpectedly, oral administration of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from 4-NQO-treated mice mildly alleviated inflammation. In vitro, lysates from these strains exhibited protein-dependent cytotoxicity against murine OSCC cells. These results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains may exert protective effects during OSCC progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00934-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:15:01Z","timestamp":1770941701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiomes characterized by elevated Lactococcus in a mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Euon Jung","family":"Tak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beom-Jin","family":"Goo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Seok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hae-In","family":"Joe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojun","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Woo","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","volume":"6","author":"DE Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson, D. 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