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To provide a more comprehensive understanding, we analyzed tongue microbiota data from 729 Japanese individuals and classified samples into three types (orotypes):\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dominant (N),\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dominant (P), and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dominant (S) types. Each orotype exhibited distinct co-occurrence network structures and was associated with lifestyle factors such as oral care, diet, and smoking. The S type was associated with higher odds of abnormal oral health and metabolic syndrome-related outcomes compared to the N type. In addition, we developed a robust classification model (ROC\u2013AUC\u2009&gt;\u20090.95) to predict orotypes, which showed temporal stability in nearly half of individuals over a 6-year period. These findings highlight the value of orotype classification for monitoring tongue microbial communities and suggest its potential in health risk assessment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00936-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:03:33Z","timestamp":1772121813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Classification of the tongue microbiota and its associations with lifestyle factors and health status"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Waki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenori","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Murashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Tamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Human Microbiome Project Consortium. 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