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Plant pathogens, especially fungal pathogens, have been reported to secrete antimicrobial effectors to modulate the host microbiota and promote colonization. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) could also modulate host microbial communities, but the processes involved remain to be clarified. Here, we identify a secreted antifungal effector, BxylTLP6, from\n                    <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causal agent of pine wilt disease. BxylTLP6 degrades fungal cell walls and inhibits multiple plant-associated fungi, while the released oligoglucans serve as food-derived cues that guide nematode foraging toward fungal resources. In planta, silencing\n                    <jats:italic>Bxyltlp6<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly delayed disease progression. ITS-based mycobiome profiling revealed that BxylTLP6 modulates the pine endophytic fungal community by promoting Ascomycota, suppressing Basidiomycota, inhibiting wood-decaying fungi, and enriching pathogenic or parasitic taxa. These shifts are associated with enhanced nematode survival and pathogenicity. Our findings support the view that a TLP effector can modulate behavior and influence the host fungal microbiome, shedding light on how PPN may manipulate microbial environments to enhance their fitness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00954-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1773140849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An antifungal effector from a plant-parasitic nematode modulates host fungal community composition and supports ecological fitness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dong-Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenkai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.05.006","volume":"12","author":"PA Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez, P. 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