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This study characterized the vaginal microbiome and its cytokine-mediated immune interactions in Chinese women with gynecological disorders. Vaginal swabs from 310 patients diagnosed with gynecological disorders and 112 healthy controls were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and cytometric bead array (CBA) to evaluate proinflammatory cytokines. Findings on correlation were validated through in vitro co-culture experiments. HPV infection and CIN were associated with dysbiotic microbial profiles and elevated levels of IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and MIG. Stratification by microbial composition demonstrated that HPV\/CIN patients with non-\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dominant microbiomes harbored the highest IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations. Validated through computational modeling and in vitro analyses,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                    were identified as being strongly inversely correlated with IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 expression. Conversely, non-\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    taxa, including\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella bivia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis, Sneathia amnii, Sneathia sanguinegens, Prevotella amnii, Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , exhibited positive correlations with proinflammatory cytokines. These findings highlight a connection between\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and reduced inflammation, while non-\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominance is linked to increased cytokine-driven responses. This study provides valuable insights into microbiome-immune crosstalk in gynecological diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00994-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1779250516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vaginal microbiome and inflammation cytokines among Chinese women"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yichan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Schuppe-Koistinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huarui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guolan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.03.005","volume":"86","author":"M Kyrgiou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kyrgiou, M. & Moscicki, A.-B. 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