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However, whether intermittent fasting (IF) modulates MP-induced gut injury remains unclear. We established a murine model of chronic oral exposure to 1\u2009\u03bcm polystyrene MPs combined with a daily 8-h feeding window. Multi-omics analyses, including 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and immune profiling, were performed. In a murine model of chronic oral exposure to 1\u2009\u03bcm polystyrene microplastics, IF aggravated colonic inflammation and oxidative stress. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that IF further altered the microplastic-associated gut microbiota, notably reducing\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance. Untargeted metabolomics revealed disrupted purine metabolism, including decreased hypoxanthine levels, which positively correlated with\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Combined MP and IF exposure was associated with an increased Th17\/Treg ratio. Supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    or hypoxanthine partially attenuated inflammatory changes. These findings unveil a previously unappreciated risk of IF under conditions of environmental microplastic exposure, and highlight the necessity of integrating environmental toxicants into evaluations of dietary interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-01016-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1781543596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intermittent fasting exacerbates microplastic-induced gut inflammation via Rikenella-mediated regulation of purine metabolism and Th17\/Treg balance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huake","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13435","volume":"132","author":"MM Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia, M. 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