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Advances in culture-independent sequencing reveal a diverse gastric microbiome shaped by acid secretion, mucosal physiology, diet, medication use, and\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization, although distinguishing metabolically active residents from transient oropharyngeal or dietary microorganisms remains a significant challenge. In healthy individuals, gastric mucosal communities primarily consist of Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, and Fusobacteriota, with genera such as\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    consistently detected. Obesity is associated with altered gastric physiology, including higher pH, delayed emptying, and increased bile reflux, alongside distinct microbial signatures.\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains a dominant ecological factor modifying acidity, inflammation, and niche structure, while proton-pump inhibitors significantly \u201coralize\u201d the gastric microbiome. Although animal models suggest that bariatric surgery can remodel the gastric microbiome, no human study has yet characterized gastric microbial changes following sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or endoscopic bariatric therapies, leaving the translational relevance of preclinical findings uncertain. Given the central role of the stomach in nutrient sensing and metabolic hormone secretion, its microbial ecosystem warrants dedicated investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-01058-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:01:22Z","timestamp":1781607682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The gastric ecosystem: assessing resident microbiome vs. transient microorganisms in obesity and following bariatric interventions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Amoyel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigran","family":"Poghosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiphaine","family":"Le Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maude","family":"Le Gall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.13.4.251","volume":"13","author":"RA Giannella","year":"1972","unstructured":"Giannella, R. 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